Russia Books

Mr. Butler just had one of his articles translated into Russian and published in our aviation newspaper which is circulated throughout Eastern Europe and Russia. His adventure certainly is both timely in terms of Russian history and unique in terms of aviation history. Such times of optimism are very rare in Russian history, plus with the cultural exchange aspects, and the fact they were guests of then VP Rutskoi, this group of international adventurers snuck through a window in time not likely to come around any time soon.

I commend their spirit and Mr. Butler's efforts in creating such a wonderful book about the trip.

Vladmir

As this is being written, two adventurers have just become the first to circumnavigate the world nonstop in a balloon. Almost seven years earlier, a group of private pilots flew around the world with much the same enthusiasm in their small General Aviation aircraft. But it is the very subject of their stops that makes A World Flight Over Russia entertaining.

Written by Brad Butler, the group's historian and photographer, it is the true story of 12 small planes flying 17,500 miles around the world in 20 days while traversing Russia. This was supposed to be the inaugural event of what was to be repeated every summer with a different group flying a different route across that vast country. Unfortunately, as the political landscape changed, so did the opportunity to make this an annual aviation happening.

Though they created several aviation "firsts," the book distills down to a story about people. Despite years of deprivation and political problems, the Russian people were found to be consistently warm-hearted and giving. And though it may be only a footnote in a long line of aviation achievements, it is nonetheless a truly unique tale about a group of determined pilots. It makes from some fascinating reading.

It is a truly unique story at one of the most interesting turning points in history, a time when the world was changing right before everyone's eyes. A great read for pilot and non-pilot alike, truly a story for the ages.

The World Flight Over Russia kept me captivated from beginning to end. I felt as if I was seated next to the author taking photogprahs along side him and feeling the fear of some of the close calls. I would not have known the historical signficance of such an adventurous feat if I had not read this book.

The son of a Fergus Falls native has published a book that documents an around-the-world flight of 12 small planes. The trip placed Brad Butler in peril of dying several times as the group crossed Russia in 1992, during the breakup of the Soviet Empire.

Butler, son of Ted H. Butler, who graduated from high school here in 1950, is a photographer, not an aviator, by trade. He was doing photography and film work at a Fortune 100 company when he was tapped as a last-minute replacement to document the rally.

Years following the 20 day event, using several pilots' journals, 25 hours of videotape, thousands of photographs and his memory, Butler wrote, A World Flight Over Russia.

Pushkin was a master of the Russian language, and these short works (which have been translated by Paul Debreczeny) are living proof. Each of these stories are works of art. "The Blackamoor of Peter the Great" is brilliant beyond belief, while "A Novel in Letters" and "The Captain's Daughter" are definitely worth reading. "A History of Pugachev" takes about 1/4 of the entire book, and it drags sometimes. But I hope I'll admire it once I read it a second time. The other stories ("Roslavlev", "A Tale of Roman Life", The Queen of Spades", etc.) will not disappoint. I give this an A.

This is a very good collection of stories. The Queen of Spades and the Captain's Daughter stand out.

What makes this book so beautiful is that word "Complete". In one handy reference you can enjoy all of Pushkin's prose. Mr. Debreczeny's translation of Pushkin's work is hearty. I believe it's nearly as close as we can come to feeling the work outside of really knowing Russian.

That would be amazing for me: to know Russian and read Pushkin in the language that he raised high in the face of the patrician encroachment of French that had relegated Russian to servant status. Each language must have a unique and valuable propriety in it's innermost meanings, and in reading this work (plus knowing something of Russian culture), I believe you can feel that unique Russian "thing" even through this translation.

You have about fifteen pieces plus Pushkin's own pre-work/research and some fragments. Mr. Debreczeny has arranged them such that you walk through the development of Pushkin as a prose writer. Early on, he did have quite a disdain for prose in comparison to poetry. To paraphrase Debreczeny, Pushkin's first serious writing treated prose as a necessary evil, writing with technical correctness but approaching parody of itself with strict adherence to the concept of prose as a sterile, low medium for expression.

I the later works, you will see the layering of complex themes and characters into prose that for me felt like driving a standard shift with power-assisted steering -- You get just enough resistance to feel the road and keep you engaged and thinking. Also, you just plain enjoy the ride.

Mr. Debreczeny is an excellent guide in his commentary and in his translation.

Pushkin is to Russian speakers what Shakespeare is to English speakers. His influence on the prose and poetry of the language is second to no one and writing influences Russian literature to this day. Amazingly Pushkin only lived until the age of 38. Even now you can visit his gravesite (as I did) and still see teenage girls weeping and putting flowers on his grave.

This edition of the complete prose of Pushkin is truly excellent. The Queen of Spades and the Captain's Daughter are included are and are worth the price alone.

The translators, Arndt and Debreczeny, do a fine job in translating Pushkin's prose, while the stories are set up in chronological order so the reader can see Pushkin's growth as a prose writer. In fact this was the volume of Pushkin writings in English I took with me while living in Russia for a short while.

Very readable and a worthwhile introduction to the greatest of Russian writers.

In his first novel, Larry Hubbell, paints a brutally honest picture of Russia, a nation in transition. This novel is both exciting and fun to read. A great first book that is well worth the [money].

Professor Hubbell's book was worthwhile on three levels. First, through his words he gives us a snapshot of Russia, Italy and Wyoming. Second, he describes the workings of a Russian university and juxtaposes it on a typical American university experience. On top of it all, he tells the very entertaining story.

While maintaining an underlying satirical tone, the author manages an engaging story about the challenges of intellectual and physical burnout. The international flavor lends a modern day touch and a unique way to view the tales of family and romance that weave into the mystery and suspense. By combining harshly real descriptions of the environmental settings with refreshingly accurate portrayals of real human reactions to those environments, the author invites the reader to empathize with the characters and get completely involved in the story.

Larry Hubbell shows an extraordinary insight into all of the characters in "Almost Dysfunctional".Their feelings,their expressions, and their actions. Suspenseful to the end. A remarkable first book.

I love this book. Benjamin Nathans really captures the thoughts of an average russian man. I know this because im his close friend.
thankyou and good night

You should know that having been selected a Slavic Studies award it was not going to be all plot and laughs. Though if you read it with the right mindset, some of it looks like it was made-up by Myron Cohen. Probably the most interesting part of the scholarship brought up by Nathans was that once Russian Jews were allowed into law schools, they turned out to be recognized as the most expert in the law.

Anyone who has studied under a talmudic system will know that you must learn not only the law itself, but learn to read between the lines as to it's intent. Even the non-Jewish lawyers admitted that the Jewish lawyers were much more committed to their clients and their clients welfare. Many non-Jews hired Jews as apprentice lawyers because of their attention to detail.


From the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies (AAASS) awards committee:

Benjamin Nathans' masterful study provides a fresh look at an age old problem, the entry and integration of Jews into larger territorial, cultural and political communities. The book takes us, literally and figuratively, "beyond the pale" of Jewish life in late imperial Russia to the encounter of Jewish professionals and intellectuals with Russian civil institutions.

Through exhaustive and innovative research, from newly available archives to private family memoirs, Nathans brings to life key personalities and social interactions that redefine the Jewish presence in St. Petersburg, and in turn reshape ties to the other subjects of the empire and to Russian Jewry. Through these vibrant portraits of the Jewish-Russian encounter, the author paints a much larger canvas tracing a cultural world of understandings and misconceptions, a social existence beset by advances and setbacks, and a political discourse of emancipation and reaction.

This is a fascinating study of the Jews in Russia. The book description is accurate... it is a highly detailed and first rate work of scholarship. The only concern is that it is not casual reading-- it is an in-depth and comprehensive study that rewards the devoted reader.

Beyond the Pale: The Jewish Encounter with Late Imperial Russia won the 2003 Wayne S. Vucinich book prize awarded annually by the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies (AAASS) for the most outstanding monograph in Russian, Eurasian, or East European studies in any discipline of the humanities.

The book prize selection committee wrote the following about this volume:

Benjamin Nathans' masterful study provides a fresh look at an age old problem, the entry and integration of Jews into larger territorial, cultural and political communities. The book takes us, literally and figuratively, "beyond the pale" of Jewish life in late imperial Russia to the encounter of Jewish professionals and intellectuals with Russian civil institutions.

Through exhaustive and innovative research, from newly available archives to private family memoirs, Nathans brings to life key personalities and social interactions that redefine the Jewish presence in St. Petersburg, and in turn reshape ties to the other subjects of the empire and to Russian Jewry. Through these vibrant portraits of the Jewish-Russian encounter, the author paints a much larger canvas tracing a cultural world of understandings and misconceptions, a social existence beset by advances and setbacks, and a political discourse of emancipation and reaction.

This exemplary, insightful book, argued with balance and nuance and written with flair, provides an original interpretation of a central problem in Russian history and politics. More, the intellectual journey goes well beyond Russia to recast our understanding of broader, ever-present issues of identity, integration, and conflict.

Lenin, after Marx, is the great figure in the pantheon of Communism, and distilled Marx's discoveries about the nature of capitalism and class struggle into concrete revolutionary practice.

This sweeping, authoritative volume gives deep insight into the construction of the Bolshevik party over the two decades leading up to the first World War. Lenin's crucial contributions to the struggle in terms of organization, theory, strategy, and tactics are presented in an accessible and illuminating style. Lenin's insight that a highly organized 'vanguard party' of dedicated professional revolutionaries would be necessary to focus the struggles of the workers sufficiently to overthrow the rulers is presented with great clarity, and the narrative of his tireless efforts to put these insights into practice in struggle is fascinating and instructive.

Highly recommended for those interested in the history of revolution.

This work is a politcal biography, in the sense that the major focus is on Lenin's revolutionary activities - specifically in building and organizing the Bolsheivik party - in the years before the first World War. The beauty of this book is that it exposes the "sacred capitalist myth" that ascribes the Marx-Lenin-Stalin progression as one that arises naturally. In 'Building the Party' we see Lenin not as a rutheless bloodthirsty dictator but rather as a brilliant tactical organizer and one of the foremost intellectual-revolutionaries of the Twentieth Century

This is a great biography on Vladimir Lenin, focusing on his early years. It chronicles Lenin's youth and the history of the early Marxist movement in tsarist Russia. Later chapters focus on his efforts to craft an effective revolutionary party.

This book is chock full of information, but is still very engaging. It is pretty down to earth and doesn't make use of high-falutin language wherever possible. Compare reading this book to the official Stalinist biography of Lenin, or those put forward by right-wing cranks.

Overall, this is a must-read for all activists, especially socialists. I highly recommend this book to people with an interest in politics.

I think this is an amazing book which displays the application of Marxist theory to the real world. In reading, I found it extremely helpful in clearing up the contradictions ahout Lenin I'd held onto for so long. Tony Cliff's analysis, true to Marxist principles, shows how the revolutionary movement was shaped by the struggle. It shows that Lenin's ideas weren't just bright ideas that popped into his head, but the result of a process including open debate and active participation in the struggle. Overall, Tony Cliff gives a positive view of the kind of open, democratic principles which served as the framework for the Russian Revolution and provides a sharp contrast to the distorted picture of an authoritarian and elitist Lenin we're usually shown.

This book is absolutely ESSENTIAL reading for anyone interested in building a revolutionary organization and it provides plenty of hope for those who wish to see a world in which decisions are made based on human need instead of profit.

I received it as a gift and was pleased to see that it is a very good book. Well written, good pictures and well researched. It makes an excellent reference.

The first Russian state emerged in the late 9th century as a federation of Slavic kingdoms and tribes around Kiev, under the leadership of Rurik, who almost certainly was of Scandinavian origin. Later rulers included such major figures as Alexander Nevsky (who defeated the Teutonic Knights) and Vasily II (who made the Orthodox Church independent), but the author begins his survey with Ivan III "the Great" in 1462. Each tsar or tsarina gets a boxed summary of personal data, an historical survey of the reign, a variety of illustrations and relevant maps, and often a basic genealogical drop-chart. Warnes is a well-known scholar of Russian history and culture and his interpretations of five centuries of Russian history are astute and well-written. Specialists in Western Europe often know very little about Russian history and the several dynasties that made it. This volume makes a good ready-reference resource.

I thoroughly enjoyed this balanced account of the czars. I wish there could have been more treatment of those that preceded the Romanovs--I guess you'd call them the "Dukes of Muscovy"--but it's probably for obvious reasons (viz., the availability of 15th-century vs. 19th-century sources) that they're slighted. Watch out for editorial problems all over the place. In one diagram, somebody's wife is also indicated as that same somebody's daughter. This is just plain laziness: someone neglected to sufficiently carefully review the diagram and delete the offending 5 mm. line segment. Also, in a factoid box summarizing Nikolai II, his father is listed as Aleksandr II when, in fact, his father was quite obviously Aleksandr III. Also, the book steered uncomfortably clear of some of the unsolved mysteries of the throne, e.g., by reducing the eighteen-day rule of Czar Konstantin (27 Nov.-14 Dec. 1825) to but a single, unstressed sentence. In overall quality, this book compares favorably to the other members of the series: indeed, it is often superior. But, in its striving for balance, it omits some important coverage. More deserves to be said about Ivann IV Vasiliyevich ("The Terrible"--in actuality, "The Awesome" is the proper translation of his title, "Groznij") and Pyotr I Alekseyevich ("The Great") because these czars made outstanding contributions that shaped the character of Russia, not just because they were on the throne for 30+ years. The czars' role in Russian history cannot be compared to the role of any other succession of leaders in the history of any other nations: the czars were the heart and soul of the empire they so tenderly loved with such religious conviction (not to mention "the divine right of kings"); without exaggeration, the czars WERE Russia.

I love this book it has so much info about the Czar.Ilove the maps time lines and charts one of the best Czar books I ever read.

Archeologist Mark Cohen is investigating an ancient shipwreck off the Turkish coast when he runs into two beautiful women on a bus. One of these, the powerful Anika Alkibiades, takes an instant liking to Mark, teasing him with her sensual body--and with archeological treasures she claims have been in her family for generations but which he suspects may have been illegally looted from Turkish digs. The second woman, whose identity he does not learn for some time, is the daughter of the Turkish Interior Minister Burhan Bey.

Mark soon finds himself caught up in Anika's plans to restore Greek rule to Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) and to recreate the ancient Byzantine Empire--the Megali Idea. Yet as Mark gets to know Leyla Kayhanoglu, Burhan's half-American daughter, he realizes that Anika's dangerous plan may be the worst thing that can happen to Turkey--and to the anti-Communist alliance. A continuing investigation into past lives and a look into the political turmoil in the Middle East and between Turkey and Greece adds interest to an exciting story.

Author Kristina O'Donnelly continues her LANDS OF THE MORNING series with an action-packed look into a Turkey torn between communists and right-wing Islamists, with a few leaders attempting to hold onto Ataturk's idea of a modern, democratic, and westward-leaning Turkey. Anika's plan is doubly appealing because another empire, the Turkish Ottoman Empire, once ruled virtually the same territory as the Byzantine Empire and, as Burhan points out, Turks, not Greeks, form the heart of what Anika would claim.

In CLARION OF MIDNIGHT, O'Donnelly combines romance with action in a page-turning thriller. You don't need to read THE HORSEMAN, the first novel in this series, but those who have will enjoy seeing Burham continue to deal with his energetic but high-maintenance wife and daughter, as well as the sweet romance between Mark and Leyla.

A thriller and romance all in one.
Kristina O'Donnelly gives you it all.
You will love it.

I found Clarion of Midnight: Megali Idea to be very power-packed. It offered a dab of everything, from romance to action to history. O'Donnelly is a very talented writer.

I am a Kristina O'Donnelly fan; have read all her other novels. Clarion of Midnight - Megali Idea is the second novel in ber series, Lands of the Morning. For whatever reason, The Horseman, which is the lead novel, and The Scorpion Child, which is the third, were published long before this one. In other words I ended up reading The Scorpion Child two years before I got a chance to read Clarion/Megali Idea. However the good news is that CLARION OF MIDNIGHT - MEGALI IDEA does have its own story line spinning around 3 new characters, Anika, Leyla, and Mark, that makes this novel enjoyable all on its own.
Also, there is another difference. Both The Horseman and The Scorpion Child contain undertows of mysticism, and reincarnation, ESP, etc. CLARION/MEGALI IDEA is a thriller, earthy and gritty. Turkish politics and their relevance to the United States' interest in that region or the world, are delved into in a no-holds barred manner, and the conflicted, controversial romance between Leyla, the young, beautiful Turkish girl with an American mother, and Mark, the American Jew, is both tender and believable. In fact, I find that Kristina O'Donnelly writes very well and honestly, about the psyche of a man in love and in lust. Or better said, that a man can lust after one woman while still thoroughly in love with another. Mark loves Leyla, fully and sincerely, but has to continuously battle the sexual spell cast upon him by Anika. Wow, what an enchantress is that Anika! Yes her ambitions and brilliance reminds you of Catherine the Great of Russia, and so will her libido.

There is more I'd like to write about this novel but have to return another time. Meanwhile, enjoy arm-chair travel into exotic lands, at its best.

This remarkably accessible, lucid survey of recent Russian history is a must-read for anyone interested in global affairs. Yegor Gaidar, an acting prime minister under Boris Yeltsin, provides a concise yet comprehensive summary of the course of empires during the 20th century, and draws some pointed lessons. His goal is to counter current nostalgia for the glory days of the Soviet Union. getAbstract admires how effectively he executes his objective, with a step-by-step recapitulation of the economic blunders that led inevitably to the Soviet Union's dissolution. However, he also shows why those who expected democracy to grow must face the fact that it is on the retreat - and he leaves no doubt about the dangerous crossroads at which Russia stands.

Cassandra was the Trojan woman whom Apollo gave the gift of prophesy-and the curse of never being believed. Yegor Gaidar sees that Russia's future depends crucially on coming to grips with its past, but present events make it clear that his prophesies, like Cassandra's, fall on deaf ears.

In his new book, Collapse of an Empire, Gaidar has a pressing purpose: to alert Russians-and the world-to the dangers denying the real reasons behind the collapse of the USSR. Gaidar has a strong historical sense (which is often absent among economists, alas), and from his understanding of history (most notably, of Weimar Germany and post-Hapsburg Austria-Hungary), he knows that imperial collapse can be disorienting and dispiriting to the empire's subjects, even if the empire brutally repressed them. He also knows that demagogues and revanchists can exploit this disorientation and depression to achieve power. Those suffering from post-empire depression are very susceptible to demagogic myths that imperial glory was destroyed by "stabs in the back" from enemies foreign and domestic, and that restoration of this glory requires the people to unite behind an authoritarian leader who will ruthlessly pursue traitors at home and take revenge on foreign foes.

But he foresees that this is ultimately the road to disaster:

The legend of a flourishing and mighty country destroyed by foreign enemies is a myth dangerous to the country's future. . . . This is the picture that dominates Russian public opinion: (1) twenty years ago there existed a stable, developing and powerful country, the Soviet Union; (2) strange people (perhaps agents of foreign intelligence services) started political and economic reforms within it; (3) the results of these reforms were catastrophic; (4) in 1999-2000 people came to power who were concerned with the country's state interests; (5) life became better after that. This myth is as far from the truth as the one of an unconquerable and loyal Germany that was popular among the Germany that was popular among the Germans in the late 1920s and 1930s.

The goal of this book is to show that picture does not correspond to reality. Believing that myth is dangerous for the country and the world.

As an aside, I can speak to the ubiquity and power of this myth. I have had a couple of Russian students in the United States. Both were intelligent and worldly. One had lived in the United States for 10 years. Both were going to business schools. And each believed that Gorbachev and Yeltsin were American agents, and that the collapse of the USSR was a CIA plot. The first time I heard this I was surprised, but thought it was an aberration. The second time I heard it I was stunned.

But back to Collapse of an Empire. Gaidar's basic thesis is that the economic-and hence political-collapse of the USSR was inevitable:

[The collapse of the USSR] was preordained by the fundamental characteristics of the Soviet economy and political system: the institutions formed in the late 1920s and early 1930s were too rigid and did not permit the country to adapt to the challenges of world development in the late 20th century. The legacy of socialist industrialization, the anomalous defense load, the extreme crisis in agriculture, and the noncompetitive manufacturing sector made the fall of the regime inevitable. In the 1970s and early 1980s these problems could have been managed if oil prices had been high. But that was not a dependable foundation for preserving the last empire.

Gaidar recounts the chronology of collapse in excruciating detail; too much detail at times for my taste, but a choice that Gaidar defends as necessary to overcome the power of the myth.

Gaidar shows that agriculture was the Achilles heel of the Soviet system. Stalin ruthlessly exploited agriculture to fund industrial development. This worked for awhile, but only served to demonstrate that supply curves are much more elastic in the long run than the short run. In the short run, peasants could be forced to turn over the bulk of their harvest in exchange for a pittance. In the long run, however, the attempt to extract surplus from the countryside and the necessity of attracting labor to manufacturing and megaprojects led to a flow of the best and most productive labor out of agriculture and into industry. Soviet agriculture became progressively less efficient as a result. Combine this with assorted insanities, like the virgin lands program, and what was once the world's breadbasket became a farming basketcase.

Forced to import larger and larger quantities of food, but non-competitive in the production of machinery or other manufactured goods, the USSR relied on the export of oil to pay for it. With increasing oil output from rich western Siberian fields, and spiraling prices (courtesy of OPEC and declining US production), for a time the USSR was able to overcome the creeping weakness of its agriculture sector, and even go on an aggressive military and political offensive that spanned the globe. But soon declining oil production (attributable to extremely inefficient Soviet practices) and plummeting prices (courtesy of growing non-OPEC output, burgeoning Saudi production, and more efficient consumption of energy in the West) conspired to create an acute fiscal crisis in the USSR.

Gaidar chronicles the results of this crisis, and the government's (and Party's) incompetence in dealing with it. The rigidity of a centrally planned system, the rudimentary nature of the financial system, the acute political constraints facing the country's leadership, and the geronocratic nature of that leadership, made it impossible to respond. Things spiraled out of control. Price controls prevented smooth adjustment to external shocks. Fear of political unrest prevented the leadership from lifting the controls. Faced with incredible strains on the budget, the government ran the printing press overtime. Partial "reform" measures, and improvident policy choices (such as the anti-alcohol campaign that deprived the government of a large share of its domestic revenues), only made things worse. In the end, everything came tumbling down.

Gaidar's narrative is compelling. To a Chicago-trained economist, it is almost axiomatic that socialist system that suppresses and distorts almost every market signal; deprives individuals of the ability to make coherent economic choices; and resorts to force in an attempt to make its irrational system work; will fail in the end.

To the Russians who grew up in the system, or who grew up in the aftermath of its collapse, alas, it is not so obvious. As Gaidar notes, the fall of an empire seems anything but common sense to those that lived it. Putin and the siloviki are exploiting this to the hilt, and are perpetrating the myth that the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the economic and social chaos that followed this collapse was not due to the inherent defects of the Soviet economic system, but instead resulted from malign external forces. The recent "elections" indicate that large swaths of the Russian populace have fallen for this myth hook, line, and sinker.

So for the present, anyways, Gaidar is doomed to play the role of Cassandra, prophesying that disaster will follow Putin's Plan, but cursed to be disbelieved and ignored. Putin and the siloviki, like the Bourbons, have learned nothing and forgotten nothing. They have not learned from what destroyed the Soviet Union, but have not forgotten that the Soviet Union was once a colossus before which the world trembled. They want to restore this colossus (admittedly, and happily, without all the totalitarian baggage), and are pursuing this goal relentlessly.

I believe that Gaidar is right that down this path lies ruin. I fear, however, that Russia will have to find this out the hard way. So Yegor Gaidar is a prophet without honor in his own country, among his own kin, and in his own house. But I believe he is a prophet nonetheless. And I heartily recommend that you read his excellent book.

Yegor Gaidar's Collapse of an Empire is an insider's view of the causes and events that led to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The author is has a fascinating and improbable background. He served as acting Prime Minister, First Deputy Prime Minister, and Economics Minister of Russia under Boris Yeltsin in the early 1990s but is an academic economist rather than a politician or bureaucrat. He received his PhD in economics under the Soviet educational system but, somehow, developed a solid understanding of economics of free markets. In Collapse of an Empire, Gaidar offers his historical and economic perspective on the Soviet collapse as a lesson and caution for today's Russia. It is as close to a definitive work on the Soviet collapse as I have yet read.

Gaidar starts with two general observations, one on empires and one on oil, and then proceeds to describe the Soviet Collapse.

Empires

Empires come in two flavors: Overseas empires (British, French, Dutch) and territorially contiguous empires (Austria-Hungary, Tsarist Russia, Ottoman Turkey, Soviet Union, and, on a smaller scale, Yugoslavia). Of these two types, the overseas empires are the easier to dismantle: The imperial power can simply declare the former colonies free and, possibly, repatriate a limited number of colonists with a claim to citizenship in the mother country. In territorial empires, diverse ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and religious groups usually reside in close proximity to each other and often have longstanding conflicts over rights to land and under the law. Abolishing a territorial empire leaves all these conflicts in place, ready to boil over as soon as imperial control has been lifted. Members of the formerly dominant ethnic group may even find themselves a minority in one of the successor states and subject to the rule of one of their formerly subject people. Many of the troubled areas of the world today (Balkans, Middle East) are parts of former territorial empires where population segments have not succeeded in making peace with their neighbors.

Oil

Countries with significant natural resources, especially oil, have generally not been on the forefront of democracy or economic liberalism. Gaidar attributes this phenomenon to the steady stream of revenues the sale of oil provides the ruling party. Secured by this source of income, the government has no need to reach an accommodation with its people that gives them a voice in how they are governed. In exchange, the tax burden on the population often remains very light. The western democracies grew out of accommodations that essentially gave the people a voice in how their countries were governed in exchange for their acceptance of the government's imposition of taxes.

Soviet Collapse

Prior to WWI, Russia was one of the largest grain exporters in the world. In the West, industrialization followed the production of an agricultural surplus which released excess farm labor for industrial employment. Russia followed a different path after the Bolshevik revolution. Rather than building an agricultural surplus, Lenin and Stalin seized the grain and other agricultural products of the countryside to feed the urban and industrial populations. Simultaneously, they reallocated labor from agriculture to industry to support their goal of rapid industrialization. The result was an economic and human disaster. Soviet agriculture never recovered, never produced a sustained surplus, and the country became dependent on imported grain. (See Robert Conquest's Harvest of Sorrow for details). By the 1970s, the Soviet Union was the world's largest grain importer.

At that time (the 1970s), the Soviets were able to pay for their grain imports by exporting oil. This was the time of high oil prices and the Arab embargo on oil exports to the US. Grain prices were low, so Soviet trade balanced nicely: Expensive exports, inexpensive imports.

In 1979, the Soviets invaded Afghanistan and Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the Shah of Iran. These events led the Saudis to become concerned about a Soviet drive to the Persian Gulf and a threat to their kingdom. To counter this perceived threat, in the mid 1980s the Saudis greatly expanded their production and export of oil causing the world price to drop from the $30-40/bbl range to about $10/bbl. Obviously, this price change damaged the Soviet balance of trade.

At about the same time (mid 1980s), the world price of grain shot up significantly. This further damaged the Soviet trade balance.

If this wasn't enough, the volume of Soviet oil production declined in the late 1980s for two reasons. First, to generate foreign exchange, oil production had been focused on the most productive fields which were exploited at a rate that was harmful to the long-term productivity of the fields. Second, the reduced availability of foreign exchange and the continuing requirement to import grain led the Soviet government to reduce imports of industrial materials from the West, including equipment for oil drilling, production, and transport.

By 1989, food subsidies constituted a third of the Soviet national budget. Retail prices were fixed at artificially low levels, which was one form of subsidy. At the same time, the Soviet government was subsidizing the import and domestic production of food. The costs of producing or importing food were as much as 70% higher than the retail prices. With a net outflow of hard currency and a grossly imbalanced domestic budget, the only way to "pay" the government's bills was to print more rubles. With prices fixed by the state, the resulting inflation could only result in shortages at the retail level and a huge increase in individual "savings" since there was nothing for the population to buy with its rubles. By 1991, of 1200 officially recognized consumer goods, 1150 were not readily available.

Declining credit-worthiness drove most western commercial banks to refuse to make further loans to the Soviet government, leaving Gorbachev with only the option of begging for foreign aid from the capitalist governments. Gaidar even suggests that he made the following deal with George H. W. Bush at their Malta conference in 1989: In exchange for US financial assistance, the Soviet government will refrain from using force to maintain its control of its Eastern European satellites.

Throughout its 70+ years of existence, the mantra of the Soviet government and the Communist Party had been that The Party had a special role in the Soviet system because of its unique "wisdom", its understanding of communist economics and the Soviet man. By the late 1980s, the Russian people and even the Soviet bureaucracy knew that this was a lie. However, the inertia of the system did not allow The Party to admit it's "wisdom" had been wrong and that a major economic reform based on free markets was desperately needed.

By revealing the true history of the Soviet Union (e.g., the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact), Glasnost destroyed any lingering myth of the legitimacy of the Soviet Empire. In the end, the Empire could only be maintained by force, but the use of that force would have ended any hope for financial aid from the West.

The August 1991 coup was only the farce that followed the tragedy that constituted the history of the Soviet Union.

Professor Gaidar has done it again! He has given us another thoughtful work on Russia, yet not purely from an economic perspective- although there is lots of that in the book- but in terms of the context of history. Readers new to Gaidar would do well to get hold of his work 'State and Evolution'. This work also brilliantly examines recent of events in Russia in the context of the development of nations.

I look forward to more from this man's pen. And my sincere appreciation to the Brooking Institute for making this work available in English. Possibly, with the level of interest in such a work, its sales may not be high and Broooking may be making a financial loss. But to readers like myself, I feel a great gratitude of debt to both the author and publisher.

Buy this book and enjoy an intellectual feast! It is simply fantastic!

Is this the English translation of the book published in Jerusalem in 1980? Margarita Aliger was the coauthor of that title, if I recall correctly.

If you know, please reply by responding to this comment. Thanks.

(BTW, haven't read the book, so I've given it five stars uslovno; if it's written by Grossman and Ehrenburg, it's guaranteed to be good, as far as I'm concerned)

I take this account from Robert Chandler's article on 'Life and Fate' which appeared in Prospect magazine. Chandler is one of Grossman's translators, and an outstanding interpreter and commentator on his work.


" In 1943, after the German surrender at Stalingrad, Grossman was with the first red army units to liberate the Ukraine. He learned about Babi Yar, where 100,000 people, most of them Jews, were massacred. Soon afterwards, in Berdichev, he learned the details of his mother's death. His story "The Old Teacher" and the article "Ukraine without Jews" are among the first accounts of the Shoah in any language. And Grossman's vivid yet sober "The Hell of Treblinka" (late 1944), the first article in any language about a Nazi death camp, was republished and used as testimony in the Nuremberg trials.

Grossman was the first to research both the massacres in the Ukraine that marked the beginning of the Shoah and the death camps of Poland that were its culmination. The SS tried to destroy all trace of Treblinka, but Grossman interviewed local peasants and the 40 survivors and reconstructed how the camp functioned. He writes perceptively about the role played by deceit, about how the "SS psychiatrists of death" managed "to confuse people's minds once more, to sprinkle them with hope... 'Women and children must take their shoes off... Stockings must be put into shoes ... Be tidy... Going to the bathhouse, you must have your documents, a towel...'"

The official Soviet line, however, was that all nationalities had suffered equally under Hitler; the standard retort to those who emphasised the suffering of Jews was "Do not divide the dead!" Admitting that Jews constituted the overwhelming majority of the dead would have entailed admitting that other Soviet nationalities--and especially Ukrainians--had been accomplices in the genocide; in any case, Stalin was antisemitic. From 1943 to 1946, along with Ilya Ehrenburg, Grossman worked for the Jewish anti-fascist committee on The Black Book, a documentary account of the massacres of Jews on Soviet and Polish soil. It was never published."

Grossman, the great Soviet war correspondent was a heroic man of truth, who followed the Red Army in all the major battles of the war, including Stalingrad. The 'horrors' he saw in the concentration- camps moved him to the writing of this work. His own mother had been murdered in 1941 with thirty- thousand other Jews in the Ukranian town of Berditchev.
Only the realization that Stalin was deliberately persecuting the Jews led Grossman, an assimilated Jew to heroically identify with his own people.
His honesty, his courage in recording the horrible realities of this book are the very qualities which make him such a distinctively great writer.

This book provides considerable detail on the German murders of Jews in German-conquered eastern Poland and western Soviet Union, usually by mass shootings followed by either mass burial or mass cremations in open-air pyres. WARNING: The descriptions of both gratuitous and systematic German cruelties are graphic, even by Holocaust-material standards.

Although, not surprisingly, the narratives are laced with Communist propaganda, there is a surprising lack of contempt for religious people and the clergy. And nowhere in this book does Ilya Ehrenburg display his reputed collective hatred of Germans.

The narratives follow a geographic format. Interestingly, the massacre of the Jews of Edvabny (Jedwabne) is mentioned, but not any accusation of Poles being responsible (p. 205). This contrasts with the attention devoted to Baltic collaborators in their German-occupied nations.

Perennial complaints about "Soviet citizens" and unequal victims seem baseless in view of the constant reference to Jews as victims. Moreover, Grossman (p. xxix) explicitly distinguishes between the fates of non-Jews and Jews: "In many places the murder of local residents--of Russians, Belorussians, and Ukrainians--was merely the first step toward the realization of Hitler's intended program of the eventual extermination of the Slavic people. With regard to the Jews, fascism implemented its bloody plans immediately and universally."

This volume provides one of the earliest postwar comprehensive accounts on the modus operandi of the German death camps, especially Treblinka (pp. 462-487) and Auschwitz (pp. 500-532). A Jewish-Soviet commission arrived at a figure of 4 million victims of the Auschwitz complex (p. 501, 513-514). This debunks the myth of this highly-inflated figure being some sort of later Polish invention designed to hide the Jewishness of most Auschwitz victims.

In his NEIGHBORS and FEAR, Jan T. Gross would have us believe that Poles habitually delighted in Jewish sufferings, and were intoxicated with greed towards Jewish properties. The Soviet-Jewish editors of this volume indicate just the opposite: "Honest Poles and Ukrainians were deeply disturbed by these unprecedented crimes, by the mass extermination of completely innocent people." (p. 83). "Many Jews hid among the Poles and Ukrainians. No matter how much the Germans tried to corrupt the souls of the people with the threat of death, execution, treachery, and greed, the people remained brave, honorable, and capable of heroic deeds. The Polish intelligentsia saved many Jewish children from death." (p. 84). Much the same situation prevailed in Byelorussia: "It must be said during those troubled times the friendship between Poles and Jews generally burned bright. The fascists were able to organize only the dregs of society and set them against the defenseless, persecuted Jewish people." (p. 198). The last quoted statement is identical to the conventional Polish position: Polish collaborators and killers of Jews consisted of marginal members of Polish society--again refuting Gross.

The editors of this volume provided one of the earliest postwar accounts of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. They recognize the assistance and involvement of Poles to a much greater extent than do most Holocaust materials. There is a unit of the AK mentioned, along with its act of engaging the German sentries in combat, which enabled Jews to escape the ghetto (p. 549, 557). A partial list is provided of Poles who died fighting alongside, and on behalf of, the Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. (p. 554)

I have just finished reading The Complete Black Book and will try to express the effect it has had on me. I am old enough to have been a WW11 veteran that was in Germany in 1945 and had met up with the Red Army soldiers in Braunschweig close to the Elbe River. I drove past the Bergan-Belsen concentration camp when the victims still alive were sitting on the ground by the road in their stripped uniforms.But now after so many years having passed, to read the Complete Black book leaves one in a state utterly disoriented and confounded as to the true nature of the human species.

Lest one, at least of the younger generation, has not given thought to, or realized the depth to which human depravity can fall, or forgets, or wishes to forget, even though mayhem and mass murder persist in our contemporary world, one ought not be oblivious to the fact that human depravity is of serious concern. .

We don't want to be reminded, its too stressful. Most of us who are alive and have a fleeting knowledge of the unbelievable, the facts that evoke frightening, painful thoughts. That monstrous catastrophe that had happened in the not too distant past is for most of us too difficult to feel the impact of its true nature. Though many victims are still among the living, that horrible event could only be treated by most as something we knew about and was easily forgotten. We cannot dwell on such hideous thoughts. If we are alive we must dance, sing and search for the way to happiness, that is the way of human nature. But wait, are we living amidst humans who are in possession of evil genes? Are we really frightened when it comes to thinking about what our species is really capable of?

A grief stricken mournful cry of the ages against human violence was compiled and published by Ilya Ehrenburg and Vasily Grossman, in their monumental, soul searing work, "The Complete Black Book of Russian Jewry". Can this deliberate and depraved slaughter of millions of human beings be true; the crushing and tearing apart of every Jewish child the Hitlerites got their hands on? How is this possible from an advanced Western society, as was Germany, with its highly developed cultural life?

Shocked by what he experienced and perceived to be the insane decision of the Germans to murder every Jew on the face of the Earth or at least every Jew they could get their hands on. Ilya Ehrenburg, the prodigious and serious writer that he was, felt in the extreme that it was his obligation to see that every detail, of the German atrocities he could uncover was preserved and duly placed on the record for all the world to know. With the support of the Soviet Jewish Antifascist Committee he with the equally great writer, Vasily Grossman, enlisted some twenty-four reporters to gather eyewitness accounts of the hideous torture and murder of Soviet Jews, captured Red Army soldiers and communists.
.

By the fall of 1944 Ehrenburg and Grossman had a finished work ready for publication. Ehrenburg was most anxious to get the work printed and out to the world. But there were signs all around that this was not to happen so easily.First, and most depressing for Ehrenburg, were the roadblocks being placed before the work by the Jewish Antifascist Committee, they wanted to eliminate any references to the traitors among the Ukranians, Lithuanians and others who collaborated with the Germans openly, helping them to slaughter Jews. "Events soon discouraged him altogether" wrote Joshua Rubenstein. "Sometime in late 1944 over five hundred pages of The Black Book were sent to the United States for distribution. Ehrenburg was furious. No one had asked for his permission or even informed him of the request from America. Ehrenburg immediately understood that once the material appeared in the West it would be harder to publish in Moscow. He wanted the book to appear first in the Soviet Union where it was most needed to combat domestic anti-Semitism....Ehrenburg believed committee leaders deliberately undermined what he was trying to accomplish. Furious he broke off with the JAC and began referring to it as the `Judenrat' or the `anti-Jewish committee' in the presence of startled Jewish partisans." (1)

With this going on Ehrenburg was fearful that his friend Stalin would not sanction the work. For the Soviet government, all Jews were Soviet citizens and recognized only as such. But clearly to Ehrenburg and Grossman there was no denial that the Jews alone were held in a special and separate category, targeted by the Germans for extermination. This the Germans exploited to further their imperialist ambitions with the propaganda that the Jews were the sole cause of all their troubles. Further obstacles hampered a quick publication of the Ehrenburg - Grossman work when an appeal was sent to Andrei Zhdanov, the new secretary of the Central Committee."He sent the letter to the propaganda department who responded that the Black Book had `grave political errors' and forbade publication."(2) This pretty much crushed Ehrenburg after the years of heroic work struggling to collect the facts and document the history of the excruciating human suffering of the Jews and the repugnant human depravity of the Germans.

Until the time of his death in 1967, Ehrenburg, deeply saddened, had failed to see his wish fulfilled with the publication of his book in the Soviet Union "In 1993 the original Black Book, the version that had been approved for publication in 1946 and then forbidden in 1947 was finally published by the Jewish publishing houseYad in Vilnius."(3) This present edition, the English translation of the original 1993 edition was first published in 2002, "This is the book which Ilya Ehrenburg, and after his death, his daughter, Irina Ehrenburg dreamed and worked to have published."(4)

To immerse one self in the task of recording the history as Ehrenburg and Grossman did was almost like submitting oneself to becoming a victim. Describing the hideous procedure, the cold and calculating German action, brutes capable of laughing and joking, of taking photographs of human beings, stripped of their clothing, forced to dig their own graves and lie in them to be shot while atop blood covered victims, already shot dead. The Spanish Inquisition with its thirty-two thousand burnt at the stake, though no less an atrocity, it could not reach the intensity of the German slaughter of the one and a half million Soviet Jews that the Einsatzgruppen with their machine guns blew out the brains of beautiful and good people while smashing the heads of babies against any hard surface.The lives of every Jew that fell into the hands of the German brutes was brought to a horrendous end. It was the determination of the Germans to torture and murder every captured Red Army soldier. The Red Army prisoner, M. Sheinman, stated:

In the camp at Zhitomir the invaders first tried to exterminate all the Jews and political workers, so that they could then slowly and methodically exterminate thousans of prisoners of other nationalities. All the new arrivals had to file past a special "commission." The ones identified as Jews were turned over to the SS. They were housed separately from the other prisoners and forced to do the hardest and filthiest work. They were fed only once every three days. Every night the Gestapo and their dogs would go to the prisoners' barracks. The dogs would pounce on the people, biting and tearing at them. After being endlessly humiliated, they were taken outside of the town and shot....There were 1,500 people in Wesuw, most of whom were dying of tuberculosis. [After our liberation from Wesuw, British and Canadian soldiers and doctors came and asked those who were dying from tuberculosis how they had come to such a state. They heard shocking tales of how] the Germans sent young and healthy people, captured soldiers and officiers of the Red Army to mines and factories: there the prisoners were force to work fourteen and sixteen hours a day on one or two liters of soup made from grass and turnips and 250 grams of bread. People were subjected to humiliations and tortures never before heard of....But even in the death camps prisoners were not allowed to die peacefully. The butchers tortured them up to the last minutes of their lives with hunger, cold, beatings and other atrocities... Only the twisted mind of a sadist could have devised the system of torture that existed in the camps, especially for the officers, the politicals, and the Jews.


The Black Book, is a record of a period of history of modern times, a history of human events that should stand today as a seminal work. It causes one to question the true nature of the human species, causes us, after experiencing,through the pages of the Black Book the shocking depths of depravity to which the human is capable of and has fallen. It is a worrisome thing when we stop and think about it.The power of The Black Book is reenforced and complimented with the publication of Jasenovac And The Holocaust In Yugoslavia by Barry M. Lituchy, a work in which the atrocities committed by the Germans in the Soviet Union are repeated under the guidance of the Germans in Yugoslavia.-This raises the question about whether the existance of the inate evil nature of the human is suppressed or encouraged to develop within the structure of the social system which nurtures it - broadly speaking - the two diametrically opposed systems - one capitalist and the other communist?

This is a reminder that we cannot turn our backs on those millions trapped in the execution machine of the Germans and most cruelly slaughtered. The Black Book and Jasenovac, amongst others serve as a clear warning today when we still witness so much inhuman activity. In the preface of The Complete Black Book of Russian Jewrey Vasily Grossman wrote; "Here we should recall the words of Stalin, written in response to a request from the Jewish Telegraphic Agency in America:

In answer to your question, nationalistic and racist chauvinism is a vestige of customs characteristic of a period of cannibalism. As the extreme form of racist chauvinism, anti-Semitism is the most dangerous vestige of cannabalism. Like a lightning rod protecting capitalism from the blow of the workers, anti-Semitism benefits their exploiters. Anti-Semitism is dangerous for workers, a false path leading them from the true way and luring them into a jungle. Therefore in keeping with their international outlook, communists cannot help but be the implacable and sworn enemies of anti-Semitism. In the USSR anti-Semitism is prosecuted in the most sever manner as a phenomenon deeply hostile to the Soviet order. In accordance with the laws of the USSR, active anti-Semites receive the death penalty.
J.Stalin (6)


1- Joshua Rubenstein, "Tangled Loyalties" p.216
2- Ibid. p. 217
3- Helen Segall, "Black Book" .p. xv
4- Ibid.
5- "Black Book" p.430
6- Ibid. p.xxv


Philip Stein

Review of The Complete Black Book of Russian Jewry by
Ilya Ehrenburg and Vasily Grossman

In November 1990, Russian police finally arrested the man they believed to have been behind the brutal killings and mutilations of several children and young men and women ranging from age 9 to early twenties. The man was Andrei Romanovich Chikatilo, a Ukraine-born supply clerk in his mid-fifties, who lured his victims with promises of a nice meal at his dacha in the woods, assaulted, stabbed his victims with knives multiple times, poked their eyes out, and calmly disposed of the body. Under questioning, he admitted to 53 murders, which could've been up to 70. This book traces Chikatilo's life, his reign of terror (1978-1990), and why he evaded captured for twelve years.

Having been born during the man-created famine of the Stalinist USSR, and having witnessed the kidnapping of his older brother Stepan, who was eaten by starving peasants, and thus made to stay inside the house for fear of suffering the same fate, it's no wonder that Chikatilo grew up with a damaged psyche. His impotence and premature ejaculation no doubt led to further humility, humility that wouldn't have boiled into a rage of unfulfillment and thence to horrific murder, had medically curing impotency been legal in the Soviet Union. Indeed it was lucky enough that he and his wife bore two children, and that his wife was a modest, patient, and understanding woman. Alas, that wasn't enough, it seems.

The book also examines the flaws inherent in the Soviet police system. People suspected of a crime on circumstantial evidence, yet having an airtight alibi can be made to confess. This happened to Aleksandr Kravchenko, an ex-con who committed rape and murder but was under 18 so served his time, had seen the error of his ways and was now a good citizen. Unfortunately, he lived on the same street as Chikatilo, his house was also near the river where Chikatilo's first victim was, and his wife, brought in on trumped-up charges of stealing, was forced to change her testimony regarding her husband's whereabouts. Further, Kravchenko was beaten up in prison and threatened with rape by a decoy used to elicit confessions, and confessed to a crime he never committed, for which he was executed.

Another example is the immunity given to Party members from crimes. Party membership was quite a mark of status in the Soviet Union. And the emphasis of scientific evidence, then dated, worked for Chikatilo. The police was looking for someone of blood type AB, and due to a medical anomaly, Chikatilo's blood was A, with the B antigen more prominent in his hair and saliva--hence the evidence was enough to drop any murder charges against him. One police captain might have been credited with his capture, but he acted more on intuition and common sense (his seeing Chikatilo's behaviour at the train station and panic when asked to produce his documents), and that unfortunately isn't scientific.

Comparisons/contrasts between him and John Wayne Gacy are interesting, as it highlights the difference between American and Soviet sociology. After Gacy was caught for his first offense back in the 60's, he served his time and was released, presumably cured (alas it was not to be). Chikatilo was known for fondling the girls at the school he taught and once was caught assaulting a 14-year old in a lake, grabbing at her, yet nothing was done about his behaviour--it was just seen as one of his odd quirks(!)

The conclusion was that Chikatilo was three personalities in one. One was the ordinary family man, the other was the rapist/murderer, and the third was the one who acted insane when put on trial for his heinous crimes. The authors do a good job in maintaining the chronology and gathering of information, painting an effective portrait of Chikatilo, and using narrative reconstructions of two killings in gruesome detail, yet the lack of bibliography and sources makes the book somewhat questionable.

This book is not for the timid. However, if you truely want to get into the mind of a serial killer, this is the book for you. Of all the books I have read on the subject, this offered the most insight into the mind of the actual killer. From the moment I picked it up, I could not put it down.

This is no doubt one of the best true crime books ever. It delves deep into the mind of Andrei Chikatilo and gives us information about why he did it, if there ever is a reason to do these horrible crimes.

Worst of all is that if the police hadn't been so inadequate, Chikatilo would have been in jail after his first kill. They were so sure that Kravchenko, a man who lived in Chikatilo's street, was guilty of the murder. Chikatilo went on to kill 52 more people. The search for this serial killer was almost impossible, because the police didn't receive support from the Communist Party, who denied that there was such a thing as a serial killer in Russia. That only happened in America.

As others have said, this is not for the weak hearted. It is graphic and uncensored, and you will be shocked. I know I was.

I was absolutly spell-bound by this book.Very well written.This book however is not for amatuer readers.Delves deeply into the whys and hows of this wickedly sick individual.Definatly not a bed time story.5 plus stars.