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I want more of this, and by a woman.Review Date: 2007-07-29
Thoughtful, soulful, and fascinatingReview Date: 2007-04-22
Changing Culture of the SamiReview Date: 2005-01-22

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Review of ZakhorReview Date: 2008-07-25
That being said, one might assume that Jews and Judaism naturally place a great emphasis on the history of the Jewish people. Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi in his work Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory, however, argues that what has been understood as history in Jewish circles from the Biblical era until fairly recent times is considerably different that what the modern reader might expect in light of the importance of and emphasis placed on memory. Until recently as Yerushalmi notes, a general lack of interest in historical events that were disconnected to the theological concerns of the Jewish community existed, so much so that an interest in history was as Solomon Ibn Verga writing in the Middles Ages, seen as a "Christian" custom.
The seeming disconnect between memory, history, and histiography according to Yerushalmi is surprising given the fact that beginning with the Tanakh, an emphasis, or better said a command to remember is given. For Yerushalmi, the principal goal of Zakhor is to understand the relationship of Jews to their past and the place of the historian in that relationship. What Jews remembered, or chose to remember is the subject of Yerushalmi's quest. As he notes correctly, the actual recording of historical events has been anything but the primary vehicle through which the Jewish people have preserved their collective memory. Yerushalmi highlights the distinction between Jewish memory and Jewish histiography.
Herein lays one of the weaknesses of Zakhor. Yerushalmi does not sufficiently compare the nature of non-Jewish histiography during the various periods he addresses. While it is sufficiently clear from Yerushalmi's review of Jewish attitudes and the apologetically natured tone of many "Jewish historians" when introducing their works that general history was at best something interesting, but of little real value, the manner in which "general" history was perceived by non-Jews is a much needed comparison. He does not provide a view of how Frenchman, Spaniards, Italian, etc. understood their own sense of history.
Yerushalmi divides his study of Jewish history into four broad eras. The first is the Biblical and Rabbinic eras reaching until the early medieval period. The sources here include Biblical texts and selections from rabbinic literature through the redaction of the Talmud. Yerushalmi points to a variety of Biblical texts (e.g. Deuteronomy 25:5-9; Deuteronomy 6:10-12; Joshua 4:6-7, etc.) to note that while the Biblical texts are focused on remembering the "historic" acts of G-d's providence on behalf of Israel, they are nevertheless often connected to the lives of individuals in all of their fullness.
This reflects a seeming contradiction of the Biblical text and of a Biblical worldview and supports Yerushalmi's assertion that Jewish memory is selective, where kings and great events do not necessarily merit attention. This stands simultaneously with so much of the Biblical text that focuses on none other than great events and great individuals presented in historical narratives.
For Yerushalmi, the nature of Judaism's uneasy relationship with history is further seen by an almost wholesale dismissal of historical works after the writing of Josephus' Jewish War and Jewish Antiquities at the end of the 1st century of the Common Era. Yet here Yerushalmi does not address the very process of canon formation which in part might explain the paucity of certain historical events being retained among the sacred texts of Israel.
While he briefly mentions the three Jewish rebellions against Rome, he does not I believe sufficiently address the trauma these unsuccessful bids for freedom produced. Yerushalmi notes the almost wholesale dismissal of "the comings and goings of Roman procurators, the dynastic affairs of Roman emperors...even the convolutions of the Hasmonean dynasty...were largely ignored." The intensity and ramifications of the destruction of the Temple and in particular Bar Cochba's failed revolt surely dictated the manner in which many events were to be understood and remembered, out of a political necessity if nothing else. Here the significance of the events that Yerushalmi notes as being ignored may instead reflect pressures stemming from issues internal to the Jewish community as well as concerns stemming from Roman hegemony. He does not sufficiently address the fact that the "dismissal" of these events may lay instead in an agenda to place at a distance any memories such as the Maccabean struggle (where Yerushalmi notes, the Talmud places emphasis on the miracle in contrast to the battles) and other events of Jewish history that might lead to future disastrous consequences. Neither is the possible concern of Roman oversight of such documents mentioned.
The second era is primarily focused on the Middle Ages. The source material here largely consists of penitential prayers, fasts, the observance of "Second Purims," and memorial books. What follows in the realm of "Jewish history" until the early Middle Ages are largely composed of various works attempting to establish the legitimacy of the chain of tradition dating back to Sinai, or the challenge of "striving to interpret it [the history bequeathed to them] in terms of their own later generations." Here again, the lack of comparison with other contemporary non-Jewish attitudes on history are insufficient.
The third era of concern is that following the Expulsion from Spain and a flurry of texts written on Jewish history, many of which were influenced by the hope of messianic redemption. The last deals with Modern era from its roots in the Haskalah and more importantly in the rise of the "Scientific" study of Judaism beginning in Germany and spreading throughout academia. It is perhaps the last section which stands out as one of the most meaningful of Yerushalmi's book. In short, for Yerushalmi, the scientific study of Judaism and Jewish history has seen history replace Scripture as the arbiter of Jewish ideologies.
To understand the reason for the disconnect between history and memory, Yerushalmi contends that part of this may lie, in the complicated nature of history as drawn from none other than the Greeks, with Herodotus credited as the father of history. Yet the Greeks themselves appear to have failed to achieve a sense of the meaning of history as a whole. Herein lays, according to Yerushalmi, the great contribution of Jews to the subject of histiography.
The meaning of Jewish history, then, is Yerushalmi's principal concern. Yerushalmi argues for the inextricable nature of Jewish religion with memory, and yet its simultaneous selectiveness in what events it records. Yerushalmi argues for the delineation between meaning in history, memory of the past, and the writing of history. In contrast to the Greeks who were inspired to "know" if for nothing else out of curiosity, the sacred text of Israel establishes the religious imperative of remembering to the entire Jewish community. This I believe is the most important contribution of Yerushalmi's work. It is perhaps a simple statement, but reinforces the difference between "Athens and Jerusalem" on yet another point.
A classicReview Date: 2000-03-31
A profound exploration of Jewish History and Jewish Memory Review Date: 2006-02-11
In the second phase, the Middle Ages Yerushalmi outlines the major division which dominates the work, between processes of collective memorization through ritual and religious practice which are not connected with everyday historical happening- and between the writing of history which is connected with historical happening. Yerushalmi says that from the time of the fall of the Second Temple and most especially in this period of the Middle Ages, the Jews remember without remembering historical events. The 'collective Zakhor' or command to collective remembrance ( which he says distinguishes the Jewish Religion) is done without writing the history of the people. The history of the people is avoided. The writing of history is considered by Rambam a low form of intellectual endeavor. The process of collective remembering is done through the living of the Jewish holidays each of which connects up with some historical memory. It is done through Memorbuchs of communities which have suffered in the Crusades.
In the third period which comes immediately after the expulsion from Spain i.e. in the beginning of the sixteenth century there is somehow a return to looking at the actual events of contemporary history but this by framing them in world- historical narratives.
The last period Yerushalmi writes about is the modern one in which there is a return to attending to the events of Jewish history. Here the writing of history, what he calls 'historiography' becomes once again a subject of Jewish interest. And this as certain other processes of collective memorization are breaking down i.e. as the Jews are moving away from being a 'faith- community' in the fullest sense of the word.
Yerushalmi here does not go into the question of conflicting narratives of Jewish history. And the very interesting question of the way different kinds of Jews today construct different kinds of narratives of Jewish history as a whole.
This work has a brilliant introduction by Harold Bloom.
The work itself is recognized as a classic of modern Jewish scholarship.
I conclude with one small piece of Yerushalmi 's writing.
"When I spoke earlier of the coincidence of the rise of modern Jewish histiography and the decay of Jewish memory, I had in mind the specific kind of memory of the past, that of Jewish tradition. But hardly any Jew today is without some Jewish past. Total amnesia: is still relatively rare. The choices for Jews , as for non- Jewsis not whether or not to have a past, but rather-what kind of past shall one have."

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amazing infoReview Date: 2003-05-26
Mount St. HelensReview Date: 2000-03-31

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Good Guide to Seldom visited peaksReview Date: 2006-09-13
An excellent motivational guide to bestir backpackersReview Date: 2004-03-06

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Get off of that asphalt!Review Date: 2002-04-02
A "Must Have" for Trail RunnersReview Date: 2002-03-21
All the trails I run are covered in this book, and there are dozens described that I can't wait to explore. As an additional bonus there are numerous tips from the author on what type of gear and supplies are useful to a trail runner and tips and tricks to get you "there and back again."

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An excellent, and candid, review of the cityReview Date: 1999-10-01
As good as guidebooks getReview Date: 2000-08-17
It is concise- it is not a encylopedia volume to lug around town; It is informative- with history of the city and its surroundings, the book is very thorough and written very very well; It is well illustrated- restaurants, hotels, attractions are color-coded differently and there are a ton of great illustrations that really do justice to the charm of the city.
Despite having grown up in Seattle, this book opened my eyes to a whole new world of places to go and restaurants to check out that I previously didn't see.
I would like to shake the hand of the man who put together such a fine guidebook- I have one for the Washington DC area as well!
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Seeking agate Bookmark.Review Date: 2000-03-05
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Seeking agate Bookmark.Review Date: 2000-03-05
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Required Reading for Bush ApologistsReview Date: 2007-12-14
Very InformativeReview Date: 2007-11-29
The introduction sets it all out in a nice brief synopsis. Thus, this book has little author influence as to opinion. It allows you to see for yourself.

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Adolf Cluss - a Remarkable Architect; a Remarkable ManReview Date: 2005-11-18
Even as a coffee-table book, Adolf Cluss - Architect will hold its own, given its graphic layout, excellent illustrations, and readable format. But it is far more than that. For a student of the history of Washington DC, one interested in German-American life, or one with an interest in the public architecture of the 19th century, a reader will find this book hard to put down.
Adolf Cluss admittedly is not a well known name outside of architectural circles and therefore it may surprise the reader to learn that a German immigrant conceived of and directed the construction of the great and splendid Arts and Industries Building of the Smithsonian Institution as well as other public buildings and elegant private mansions in Washington, many of which have escaped the wrecker's ball and are still standing. He put his mark on the skyline of Washington during the latter part of the 19th Century. He was a master of decorative ornate brickwork and soaring spires and seemed to abhor the solid, unbroken plane of any vertical surface. Much of his inspiration seemed to have come from the buildings in his hometown of Heilbronn, Wuerttemberg in Southwestern Germany where he was born in 1825.
He came from a long line of master builders and craftsmen, the son of a prominent builder in their city, and though not wealthy, Cluss's father believed in practical education for his sons. Young Adolf was a tall, handsome and intelligent young man, and perceptive to not only the physical world around him but of ideas and social conditions. On the cusp of the massive industrial revolution that would reshape Germany, he and other young intellectuals became involved with the problems facing the masses of old-line workers - saddle and harness makers, barge operators, etc, who faced lean times as their jobs were replaced by machines.
He joined in with other young men of like radical mind and became involved in the progressive political thinking of the day. They staged rallies which by and large were ignored by the workmen but attracted the attention of ultra-radical thinkers such as Karl Marx. Father Cluss apparently thought it prudent to hie young Adolf off to the New World to afford him a change of scenery but most certainly to keep him out of trouble. He escaped just in time for within months the abortive revolution of 1848 had broken out and many of his contemporaries were imprisoned or had to escape Germany under considerably less favorable circumstances.
Marx apparently saw young Cluss as the most likely of likely recruits to his cause and began a series of correspondence which continued long after he was becoming established in Washington as an up-and-coming architect and designer. Marx perhaps would have been disappointed with Cluss in later years as a leader of world revolution as he became thoroughly enmeshed with the life and times of the "ruling" classes in Washington, acquiring both fame and wealth as a result of his work.
The book provides not only a detailed biographic portrait of his life but displays excellent photographs of his work as well as detailed architectural drawings, street maps and many peripheral photographs of the Washington DC of his day. The cover alone is striking - a portrait of the Smithsonian Arts and Industries Building done in a way that captures minute detail that only old-time large format plate film could do.
Enigmatic Adolf ClussReview Date: 2005-11-10

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The Adventurous Traveler's Guide to HealthReview Date: 2008-10-14
A must for any health conscious traveler.Review Date: 2008-08-09
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