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FANTASTIC & VASTLY IMPROVED CAMPBELL-WALSH 9th EDITION - DETAILED REVIEWReview Date: 2008-07-07
e-edition very usefulReview Date: 2008-03-10

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Woodcarving: eonomic livelihood/environmental impactReview Date: 2006-04-23
Traditions and Business Principles for Livelihoods ImprovementReview Date: 2006-01-14
Engravings and carvings are the earliest and enduring form of sculptures produced by humans. The Middle Stone Age abstract representations engraved on pieces of red ochre from Blombos Cave in South Africa have been dated about 77,000 years ago. These engravings support the evidence for emergence of modern human behavior at least 35,000 years before the start of the Upper Paleolithic#. Furthermore, origin of the figurative art is now considered as a crucial threshold in human evolution. Figurines carved from mammoth ivory at Hohle Fels Cave in the Swabian Jura, Germany provide evidence for the appearance of figurative art more than 30,000 years ago. These Aurignacian sculptures belong to one of the oldest traditions of figurative art known worldwide*.
Starting with these pioneering steps, a continuous history of nature-society interactions gave rise to a large body of traditional knowledge in diverse fields including: (i) hunting, fishing and gathering; (ii) agriculture, animal husbandry, tree cultivation; (iii) preparation, conservation and distribution of food; (iv) location, collection and storage of water; (v) coping with disease and injury; (vi) interpretation of climatic phenomena; (vii) manufacture of clothing, tools, crafts and woodcarving; (viii) construction and maintenance of shelter; (ix) orientation and navigation on land and sea; (x) management of nature-society interactions; and (xi) adaptation to environmental/social change.
Various chapters in the book by different authors introduce a large body of knowledge within the pages of this hugely informative book. Amid a diverse body of knowledge, the art woodcarving is of particular interest because it combines aesthetics with utility. Contribution of woodcarvings to livelihoods is now well researched in Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Indonesia, and Mexico. Oaxacan wood carvings from Mexico are known worldwide. For instance, the woodcarvings in Kenya are estimated to support livelihoods of ~80,000 carvers and their 500,000 dependents, generating export earnings of $US20 million to markets in North America, Asia, and Europe. Likewise, woodcarving in South Africa provides household income between US$500-2000 per year, which is about 80% of the household cash. Export earning in Bali region of Indonesia amounts to US$100 million annually. A range of case studies in the book from Australia, India, Africa and Mexico provide convincing evidence of woodcraft's critical links to rural livelihoods, deforestation, biodiversity and conservation, forestry and forest policy and the international trade regime.
I take a different approach to review this work as it would worthwhile to explore, by implications and analysis derived from the book. I take two states of India as an example. Although study of woodcarvings in India has just begun, the country has emerged as one of the largest producers of woodcarvings globally. Woodcarving export in 2002-03 amounted to Rs. 5113.5 million (US$ 113.55 million). The noteworthy issue here is that even as many states in India are rich in traditional woodcarving, their contribution to the national export pool varies widely. In order to search the enabling factors, apart from the existence of traditional knowledge, it is useful to compare the woodcarving enterprises in Rajasthan (western India: wood deficit region) and Jharkhand (eastern India: wood surplus region).
Jodhpur in Rajasthan has rich tradition of woodcarving in the form of wood figurines, deities and artistic furniture. During the ancient and medieval periods, rulers of Rajasthan supported the woodcraft by providing patronage to woodcarvers and artisans. Woodcarving has now developed into a leading enterprise that thrives partly on local wood from plantations and partly on purchase of wood from adjoining states. Woodcraft industry in Jodhpur now provides employment to more than one lakh people and generates exports of at least Rs. 400 crores annually$. Woodcarving contributes substantially to household income too ranging between Rs. 20,000 to Rs. 37,000 per annum depending upon the skills of woodcarvers. Although this income is substantial compared to the average per capita income of India (Rs.12,414), but the profit margins on woodcraft products manufactured by artisans are only 7-10% while profit margins for exporters are as high as 25-35% (see the chapter in the book by S. Chatterjee et al. p. 103-119). This is very similar to other traditional knowledge based enterprises where middlemen earn 35-40% of the total profit.
Similar to Jodhpur, many districts in Jharkhand too have rich tradition of woodcraft. Jharkhand is particularly known for deities, artistic furniture and variety of musical instruments known locally as arbansi, bansuri, damama, dhak, dhamsa, dhol, ghanta, jurinagra, karha, kartal, madanvari, mandar, manjhira, nagara, sahnai, sankh, singa, tasa, thapchanchu, visamdhanki etc. In addition, toy making is also developing as a new craft industry using a variety of soft wood trees available in plenty within Jharkhand. The contribution of woodcraft to household income or the total volume of trade in Jharkhand is not known, but our preliminary survey indicates that the exports are negligible and the average household income for artisans who sell their products locally remains below Rs. 8000 annually.
This stark difference in the two states, as discussed above, is intriguing and begs the question as to why the woodcarving knowledge in Jharkhand does not contribute substantially to household incomes? There are many conditions that can explain why the markets may not have worked in favour of poor people±, but, in addition to the necessary pre-condition of existence of local knowledge, three additional factors may have contributed to the growth of woodcraft industry in Jodhpur compared to Jharkhand. First, a supportive policy environment and governance is necessary to promote woodcarving industries as an important contribution to livelihoods improvement. Jharkhand being the newly created state, it has only recently issued a policy intent to boost the manufacturing of sophisticated and intricate handicrafts in cane, bamboo, woodcarving and lac-based items, while government has vigorously promoted and encouraged woodcraft industry in Rajasthan. Second, infrastructure has a decisive effect on development. Woodcarving industry in Jodhpur benefited from the infrastructural support such as an outstanding road network, communication, electricity and export promotion facilities including dry ports. Such facilities are comparatively less developed in Jharkhand. Indeed, Jharkhand has to travel 80% of the distance to reach the level equivalent to the state with the best infrastructure in India, compared to 56.9 for Rajasthan. Lastly, a vigorous investment to promote to tourism in Rajasthan provides a ready market and buyers from all over the world. In Jharkhand, however, tourism is yet to develop.
We can thus infer that a comparatively much better policy and governance, good infrastructure and a growing tourism play vital role in supporting local artisans and entrepreneurs to use their traditional knowledge for generating large household incomes. States desirous of promoting woodcraft as a revenue earning and poverty reduction strategy will do well in addressing the issues identified here.
Emergence of woodcarving as an important source of income to local artisans worldwide has three other advantages too: it facilitates long-term locking-up of carbon in carved wood coupled with creation of new carbon sequestration potential through intensified tree-growing; supports local knowledge on wood-carving and tree-growing, therefore, further strengthens livelihoods; and it also helps in promoting local trade and industry as a revenue-earning activity for the local governments. Processes such as these are expected to enhance the ability of developing countries to participate in the growing global economy.
To conclude, although more robust studies are required to get useful insights but there is some indication that traditional knowledge on woodcarving can support livelihoods improvement with suitable interventions identified here. Promoting woodcarving is expected to encourage application of other forms of traditional knowledge and skills such as tree-growing in agroecosystems to supply raw material for woodcarving enterprise. Because the species useful for woodcarving are often overexploited in forests, tree-planting in agroecosystems by local communities should be encouraged to supply wood for making woodcarving and reduce pressure on the forests. Integration of traditional knowledge with modern science and technology can bring new innovations. Innovations with already existing skills and knowledge such as woodcarving-rather than completely new interventions-may be a better option to concurrent efforts aimed at poverty reduction, livelihoods improvement and biodiversity conservation. The book by Cunnigham, Belcher and Campbell is a first comprehensive step in that direction. This work is destined to become a citation classic!!!
Endnotes
Cunningham, A., B. Belcher & B. Campbell (eds.). Carving Out a Future: Forests, Livelihoods and the International Woodcarving Trade. Earthscan, London, UK, pp.293, 2005.
Sayer, J. A. and Campbell, B. M., The Science of Sustainable Development: Local Livelihoods and the Global Environment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2004.
*Pandey, D.N., Ethnoforestry: Local Knowledge for Sustainable Forestry and Livelihood Security, Himanshu/AFN, New Delhi, 1998.
#Henshilwood, C. S. et al., Emergence of modern human behavior: Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa. Science, 2002, 295, 1278-1280.
*Conard, N. J., Palaeolithic ivory sculptures from southwestern Germany and the origins of figurative art. Nature, 2003, 426, 830-832.
Pandey, D. N. Carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems, Climate Policy, 2, 2002, 367-377.
$Yadav, M. M., Research study on woodcraft and carving industry at Bastar in Chattissharh and Jodhpur in Rajasthan, IIFM, Bhopal, 2003.
±Scherr, S. J., White, A. and Kaimowitz, D., A New Agenda for Forest Conservation and Poverty Alleviation: Making Markets Work for Low-Income Producers, Washington, DC, Forest Trends and CIFOR, 2003.
Srivastava, S. K., Dutt, C. B., Nagaraja, R., Bandyopadhyay, S., Meena Rani, H. C., Hegde, V. S. and Jayaraman, V., Strategies for rural poverty alleviation in India: A perspective based on remote sensing and GIS-based nationwide wasteland mapping. Current Science, 2004, 87, 954-959.

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Brilliant!Review Date: 2005-04-21
I LOVE THIS BOOK!!Review Date: 2003-12-21

FinallyReview Date: 2003-10-21
Yet, despite the fact that my insurance covers sterilization, I have yet to find a doctor willing to do it because I don't have children and will supposedly change my mind. Let me get this straight: I could think about my future with enough surety to get a Ph.D., buy a car, manage not to go into debt by working through grad school, make life-or-death medical decisions for my father, and - if I wanted - could adopt a child from just about anywhere on earth, but I am somehow not capable of making a choice about my own sterilization? Yet, if I were merely 16 and showed up at a doctor's office wanting to have a baby, I doubt any doctor would tell me to have an abortion because I might not know my own mind and may want a different life in the future.
I cannot express how refreshing it was to read similar - and worse! - stories from other women. This is an excellent book; it is well researched and clear, and focuses not just on personal stories but on bias in medical treatment. It also debunks some myths about women who very much want to be sterilized - as in, they actually don't regret it. Terrific read. My copy is dog-eared, and has been borrowed by many friends of mine who have been in the same position, and had no idea such a book existed.
Very useful, but UK focusedReview Date: 2004-09-03
US guidelines for voluntary sterilization are based on the "rule of 120". This means that a woman's age is multiplied by a factor of 2 and then by the number of children she has. If that result equals 120 then the woman is considered an acceptable candidate for sterilization. This means that a 30 year old with 2 kids would meet less resistance to a request to be sterilized while a person with no children would never be eligible during her childbearing years.
This book was an important part of the creation of my personal statement in the defense of my decision to follow the lead of the women in this book. In fact, in the end I was required to follow the lead of the women in this book literally. At 29 I successfully visited London's Marie Stopes Clinic and encountered [very gratefully] none of the resistance or disrespect that so often surrounds this process. Such experiences are detailed in the outrage expressed by many of those who tell their stories here. "Childfree and Sterilized" was a central resource in my understanding and planning for the issues surrounding this choice.


Target market - author's commentReview Date: 2001-11-14
Hands on export marketingReview Date: 2001-11-14

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Classic Techniques for watercolour LandscapesReview Date: 2007-07-01
Classic Techniques for Watercolour LandscapesReview Date: 2006-11-05
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Best view of some classicsReview Date: 2006-11-10
While anticipating the movie TroyReview Date: 2005-06-30
My copy must have been written about the time of Homer as it has no ISBN number.
This volume helps one understand the classics in a way they can be appreciated. It is refreshing to read a book by someone that had made the learning experience so palatable. (No I did not eat the book.)
Richard Armour starts out with a succinct and to the point biography of the classic writer. He makes clear what other books only imply. After this he follows up with the classic it's self. Some time I am not sure if I should believe him.
The contents:
Homer
The Iliad "From the original Greek, Whoever he was"
William Shakespeare
Julius Caesar "et tu, William"
Sir Walter Scott
Ivanhoe "upright knights, tilting and toppling"
Nathaniel Hawthorne
The Scarlet Letter "an A for effort"
Herman Melville
Moby Dick "strong men cry and whales blubber"
George Eliot
Silas Marner "a moral with a tale"
Charles Dickens
David Copperfield "or up from poverty"
The book also contains sketches at relevant or irreverent intervals.

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Absolutely fabulous book!Review Date: 2000-04-06
Making Classroom Based Assessments ManageableReview Date: 2000-04-01

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A helpful tool for every teacherReview Date: 2005-08-15
Let Silvaroli Help with your Reading ProgramReview Date: 2000-02-25


A toddler's delightReview Date: 2003-07-21
2 - 4 Year Olds Love This BooK!Review Date: 2002-11-15
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This will get you the hard copy 4 volumes and a CD-ROM containing ONLY references and link to abstract on pubmed. Unlike the previous edition the entire text and images of the book ARE NOT (emphasize - ARE NOT) available on CD anymore. You can access the entire text book through a computer ONLINE only after logging in. NOTE as per publisher- Purchase of this book includes a limited personal license to the online version for use exclusively by the individual who has purchased the book. This license and access to the web site operates strictly on the basis of a single user per PIN. The sharing of passwords is strictly prohibited, and any attempt to do so will invalidate the password. The license and access may not be lent, resold, or otherwise circulated.
Coming to the REVIEW OF THIS BOOK which you all want to read - "FANTASTIC" should say it in one word. Huge improvement in the presentation, contents, pictures, videos & diagrams. The layout and presentation makes this book more enjoyable and interesting to read compared to the 8th edition. The key points in boxes in most pages are good for quick review. Similarly the multicolour tables are helpful. The book is overall well updated and is relevant to early 2006 when it was written. The online edition updates this to current relevance partly and it will be interesting to see how good this new option will be as time goes by.
The NEGATIVE points are - some of the diagrams are too gaudy and oversimplified and therefore practically not good (more like primary school diagrams). Some of the surgical photographs are of poor standard have blood in the field glaring and you can hardly see the anatomy they are pointing to. They need to weed out such photographs & diagrams drastically in the next edition.
Coming to the ONLINE ACCESS of the text book [...]The text search option is miles better than the previous edition and brings out the relevant ones and there is an indicator showing the relevance to your keyword search. It also brings up the image library with relevant images at the same time with rating of relevance to the topic searched which is significant improvement.
There is a scrapbook in your online account which stores all saved searches, bookmarks and your notes. Select multiple images into the "lightboxes" and download the images at the end of your browsing.
You can print the pages you want in a printer friendly format. You can send pages you want to your PDA for browsing as needed.
Overall opinion - 4.5 out of 5 stars. All urology residents and consultant should have this, preferably with the online access "E-dition" option (will cost an additional Euro 100 approx compared to option 2- see below).
OTHER AVAILABLE OPTIONS -
Campbells Urology 9ed 4 Volume Book with CDRom Video Clips - WEIN ISBN:0721607985 EAN:9780721607986 . Details same as above but WITHOUT access to online 4 volume text and updates . CD Rom has diagrams, photographs and references with links only.
THIRD OPTION:
Campbell-Walsh Urology Online, 9th Edition (like a ebook which you can access 4 volumes of text with updates online only) - you are excluding the hard cover book option. ISBN: 978-1-4160-2968-7.
So remember Campbell Walsh Urology Edition 9ed 4 Volumes is available in 3 TYPES/ OPTIONS !!
Happy reading & Enlightment