Public Policy Books

Understanding the historical development of pensions is critical to the future of retirement systems around the world. This volume offers a comprehensive assessment of the political and financial dimensions of public sector pensions from the colonial period until the emergence of modern retirement plans in the twentieth century. The authors emphasize how retirement plans can help achieve human resource objectives, how public sector pension policy has sometimes been influenced by other government objectives, and how early pension plans were funded.

After discussing the economics of retirement plans, the authors review the history of European retirement plans, beginning with their use in the Roman Empire, and then moves on to early American pension systems. They explore the development and management of U.S. army and navy pension plans during the nineteenth century, drawing on original records of participants, retirees, and plan finances. They document the struggle to establish a federal civil service retirement system and trace the growth of state and local retirement plans. This history is inextricably linked to broader developments in U.S. financial markets, offering rich insights into political debates, including current debates surrounding plan design and plan funding.

This book is of significant interest to financial market and pension experts, labor and corporate pension sponsors, policymakers, public sector plan participants, and others who want to know how and why pensions emerged. Robert L. Clark is Professor of Economics and Professor of Business Management, North Carolina State University, and coeditor of the volume To Retire or Not? Retirement Policy and Practice in Higher Education, also available in the series from the University of Pennsylvania Press. Lee A. Craig is Professor of Economics, North Carolina State University. Jack W. Wilson is Professor of Business Management, North Carolina State University.

Understanding the historical development of pensions is critical to the future of retirement systems around the world. This volume offers a comprehensive assessment of the political and financial dimensions of public sector pensions from the colonial period until the emergence of modern retirement plans in the twentieth century. The authors emphasize how retirement plans can help achieve human resource objectives, how public sector pension policy has sometimes been influenced by other government objectives, and how early pension plans were funded.

After discussing the economics of retirement plans, the authors review the history of European retirement plans, beginning with their use in the Roman Empire, and then moves on to early American pension systems. They explore the development and management of U.S. army and navy pension plans during the nineteenth century, drawing on original records of participants, retirees, and plan finances. They document the struggle to establish a federal civil service retirement system and trace the growth of state and local retirement plans. This history is inextricably linked to broader developments in U.S. financial markets, offering rich insights into political debates, including current debates surrounding plan design and plan funding.

This book is of significant interest to financial market and pension experts, labor and corporate pension sponsors, policymakers, public sector plan participants, and others who want to know how and why pensions emerged. Robert L. Clark is Professor of Economics and Professor of Business Management, North Carolina State University, and coeditor of the volume To Retire or Not? Retirement Policy and Practice in Higher Education, also available in the series from the University of Pennsylvania Press. Lee A. Craig is Professor of Economics, North Carolina State University. Jack W. Wilson is Professor of Business Management, North Carolina State University.

Clark, Craig, and Wilson have produced a comprehensive book that serves a wide audience. While providing a detailed history of the development of public sector pensions from colinial times to 1920, tghe authors have taught their readers about the economic theory of pensions, informed them about the origins of the modern welfare state, and guided them to better understand the policy implications of recent proposals to reform Social Security. In the end, this book accomplishes much.

Shawn Kantor
University of California, Merced, and National Bureau of Economic Research

Hollow Land is very throughly researched and Eyal Weizman is clearly passionate about his topic. The book provides an interesting perspective on a widely discussed topic.

The author is an Israeli, which gives him access and a through knowledge of the issues that many other authors lack. He is an activist and artist working on Israel-Palestine issues. He is also an architect, all of which gives him a unique perspective on the whole Israel-Palestine conflict. His descriptions of Israel's architecture of occupation shows his deep familiarity with the facts on the ground.

His interest in architecture some times took the book in directions I was not interested in, such as the history of the selection of the architect for Ma'ale Adumim. However in general this provided a fresh perspective, and new information.

The author clearly has strong opinions about his subject, but that does not interfere with the narrative. Hollow Land will interest anyone who cares about Israel-Palestine issues, as well as anyone interested in modern occupation. Hollow Land is also an example of a well written, throughly researched book that should server as a model for other authors.

Weizman begins his introduction by telling the story of the founding of Migron, a Jewish settlement built on Palestinian land in the West Bank. Convincing the Israeli military to build a cellular antenna, settlers first hire a single 24-hour guard. The guard is followed by his family, followed by five more families, and "by mid-2006 it comprised around 60 trailers and containers housing more than 42 families: approximately 150 people perched on the hilltop around a cellular antenna" (p. 2).

But Weizman is not content to recite the facts of Israeli occupation. His analysis draws heavily on post-structuralist thinkers like Foucault, Deleuze and Guattari. Covering everything from Israeli architectural aesthetics, checkpoints and border terminals, to the Wall, Ariel Sharon's conception of depth security, Israeli urban warfare doctrine and targeted assassinations, he repeatedly penetrates the surface of his extensive empirical research, locating the social narratives which give birth to these phenomena.

He is primarily concerned with charting what he calls the "elastic geographies" of the occupied territories (p. 5), a continually modifying frontier in which architecture and space become both a form of power and a conceptual way of understanding the political issues at stake.

Some issues he tackles are well worn, but by combining his extensive fieldwork as a consultant for B'Tselem with a robust theoretical approach, he still brings interesting insight. In a series of chapters covering Israeli settlements, checkpoints and the construction of the wall, he exposes not just the extensive control of Palestinian society, but also the way in which Israel's sense of security has come to depend on a conception of the territories as a malleable and vulnerable space. The spread of these control mechanisms in Israeli society, he claims, constitutes a "cognitive and practical system that sees the physical separation of Jews and Arabs, and the total control of Palestinian movement, as an important component of Jewish collective security" (p. 155).

Some of the issues, however, are less well known, such as his analysis of Israeli archaeology, architecture and landscape. He shows how city planning and architectural policies have attempted to make Jerusalem "an exhibition-piece of living biblical archaeology" (p. 29), drawing on Palestinians as "fossilized forms of biblical authenticity" (p. 43) while simultaneously seeking to reduce their contemporary presence.

Weizman's strength is in the way he hits on two registers at once. His section on Jerusalem connects in a straightforward way with Israel's sustained attempts to minimize the Palestinian population in the city, and to visually and ideologically "unite" the Jewish suburbs with the historic city. But it also taps into the enduring manifestations of the contradiction between Zionism's secular modernism and its ancient biblical promise.

Above all, "Hollow Land" doesn't just explain Israel's spatial practices of occupation. It explores the way in which Israelis' and Palestinians' self-understandings are deeply embedded in these structures. This is Weizman's contribution. While some may feel his work is too abstract, this is where the "cycle" that so often takes the blame for this conflict is found. Weizman is painting a picture of how we have lost ourselves within the conflict, and what it might mean to find a way out.

Weizman's analysis of the articulation (division, consolidation, dimensionality, etc.) of space as a primary expression of political power is highly original in approach, full of extraordinary insights, and provides a powerful moral argument against the occupation of Palestine. While some writers theorize about this sort of thing, Weizman's application of highly refined ideas to concrete practices demonstrates a kind of eloquence and courage that is rare in discussions of Israel and Palestine.

I think Hollow Land is an intellectual masterpiece.

As the director of several programs for the homeless, I know that Ms. Connolly's account of her work captures the complexity of homeless services. This book is captivating as she layers the client's stories with her own responses, as well as artfully mixing in theoretical and philosophical points. A great book if you are in the field, considering the field, needing closure on feelings if leaving the field. I would also highly recomend this as required reading for any clinical field training, particularly where the subject is supervision. Ms. Connolly does a fabulous job illustrating the points during interventions when her own feeling bubble just over the line. While her actions remain professional, this read takes you into the subjects that supervision is designed for, while giving an honest beautiful illustration of "the work." Thank You for not only describing the complex reasons for peoples homelessness, but also the approaches you used to work with them, and the way most of our "clients" fall into the gaps between services.

I really enjoyed this book and recommend it to anyone interested in learning more about homeless women and their personal struggle. The author did an excellent job of bringing the mothers and children to life for the reader and showed the reader the human side of their struggle. The families depicted are easy to relate to and their stories are thoroughly engrossing. An excellent read--A++++!

I loved this book and couldn't put it down. The author really made the women come alive and I feel like I got a first hand glimpse into the lives of mothers struggling to make ends meet. This book is for anyone interested in why people become homeless and what it would take -- personally and politically -- to get back on track. The stories are fascinating and enlightening -- it's absorbing reading and you'll learn a lot from it.

I think this is the best book written on an overlooked and poorly understood subject--the victims "left over" after a homicide. Every homicide leaves beind friends, family, loved ones, all of whom are really left out of the criminal justice system and often abused or treated very badly by that system.

The author deals with all of the issues people need to face--especially things like unresolved grief which many people, including therapists, don't really understand. The grief experienced by these 'hidden' homicide victims don't have outlets or forms of expression and are often just stuck in time, frozen emotionally from the point that they learn of the homicide.

Deborah Spungen, the author, has both professional and personal familiarity with this issue and wrote a book that shines like a beacon of light for crime victims! She has also written a book sharing, in very raw honesty, her own story centering on the terrible murder and then media exploitation of her troubled daughter And I Don't Want to Live This Life: A Mother's Story of Her Daughter's Murder

Very thoughtful and well written.covers both the emotional and practical elements involving homicide and those left to deal witht the aftermath.

I am Unable to express in words what this book means to me, but i will try. I was overwhelmed by the feelings poured into this book and I found myself crying off and on. I have never lost anyone that I love and i hope to never share any of those feelings that you had to experience, but I still can see the pain. I just wanted to let you know that your book was extremely touching and i thouroughly enjoyed every minute of it. Amanda

The issues Rodgers clearly defines in this book are also rampant in other industries, not just aviation. It clearly shows how a group given some unofficial authority voluntarily for the sake of convenience can proceed to abuse that power through manipulation and intimidation, ultimately acting as though they have some real legal authority when they in fact do not.

The only fault with this book, is that lives have been lost because it
didn't come out sooner.

Mr. Rodgers does an excellent job of describing the conflict between airports and their surrounding residential communities. He analyzes the sources of the conflict and the tactics used by residents, developers, local governments and even the airports themselves to placate the complainers -- all without success. Finally he describes his own approach to mitigating the conflict -- a surprising yet successful approach.

After searching , without any guidance for child care, How to FInd the Best Quality Child Care has been a Lifesaver. As a parent of four daughters, I dont think their is better information available. I would recommend this book to any working parent.

I ordered this book after reading about it in Chicago Parent Magazine. This book should be required reading for all parents. I would say this book rates a 10, and so would my son. Elaine

I found this book to be honestly insightful, and easy to follow. The forms included provide exceptional assistance to parents when interviewing, and doing background checks on prospective providers. They no longer have to depend upon the word of employers and providers that the care they're offering is safe and reliable. The book's step-by-step process is exactly what parents need to be in control, and to make informed decisions about the care of their most precious assets... their children. I would recommend this book to all parents who want, and deserve, the best quality child care.

HOW TO LEGALIZE DRUGS by Jefferson Fish,Ph.D.is the most comprehensive & informative publication i've come across addressing the highly charged political & social issues surrounding drug policy reform. Contributing to this masterpeice are 30 thinkers from the disciplines of anthropology, economics, law,philosophy,political science, psychology & sociology with each presenting an in-depth, scholarly & multifaceted dimension to our understanding.

In dedicating this work to the "victims of Drug Prohibition," Dr. Fish describes in painful detail what has become known as "the drug exception to the Bill of Rights." He even considers the entertainment value of the war..."like public executions of the past,or Romans throwing undesirables to the lions...if politics is about giving bread & circuses to the masses, then 'fighting drugs' may provide the kind of exciting entertinment that citizens are willing to pay for!"

LEGALIZE gives ample consideration to both public health (harm reduction) & human rights based approaches to policy reform & unlike many, Dr. Fish maintains hope in the midst of despair. He believes the time is ripe for powerful rapid change as we've seen with the collapse of the Soviet Union after decades of the Cold War & earlier in the century with the end of alcohol prohibition.

LEGALIZE contains 9 different proposals for legalization, from the most limited to the most sweeping, with a variety of health & rights based rationales. Dr. Fish points out that even if only marijuana were legalized, then the war on drugs would shrink drastically & many drug warriers & criminal justice bureaucrats would be out looking for jobs.

For those interested in more than superficial or soundbyte awareness of the War on Drugs, the in-depth treatment in LEGALIZE heralds the possible return of intelligence & commonsense to these & related issues & is a monumental & comprehensive statement in its own right.

Some books on drug policy reform target the heart, calling attention to the incredible suffering caused by the war on drugs but "How to Legalize Drugs" targets the brain. Jeff Fish has put together an extraordinarily complete collection of essays that covers the range of arguments bout how to reverse our drug policy. This book covers all sorts of theories about how change will occur, what sort of changes is likely, what kind is desirable, what form the transition might take, and what the result of such change might be. Historians, attorneys, pharmacologists, economists, political scientists, psychiatrists - all offer their different perspectives here. So much is discussed - from Douglas Husak's excellent analysis of the two fundamental caps of drug reformers (harm reductionists and Libertarians) to highly specific are of interest like "the impact of the War on Drugs on Puerto Ricans," that it would make a perfect text for a course in drug policy.

If you are new to the movement and find yourself spending more and more time discussing different aspects of reform, this is the book for you. If you've been around the issue for years, and find the subject as interesting as I do, this book is refreshing. With most "arguments" from Drug War warriors consisting of the same old drivel about "the message we're sending the children," someone needs to take the discussion to a more intelligent level. This book does it.

Steven Wishnia, copyright © High Times Magazine (October 1999) What would the world of legalization look like, and how would we get there? Jefferson Fish's anthology, How to Legalize Drugs (Jason Aronson), tries to answer those questions. Its 24 essays-by such drug-policy luminaries as Dr. Lester Grinspoon, Ethan Nadelmann, and federal Judge Robert Sweet-discuss the history of the Drug War, strategies for ending it and ways to manage legal drug use and sales. At 660 pages, with chapter titles like "The Transition From Prohibition to Regulation: Lessons from Alcohol Policy for Drug Policy," and "Discontinuous Change and the War on Drugs," it definitely isn't prime baked reading material. But if you want an intense look at specific issues and nuances, you'll be rewarded. What are the differences between the harm-reduction and the rights-based libertarian arguments against the Drug War? How do the language and concepts of drug-related discourse reinforce prohibitionist thinking? ("Marijuana, for example, has never caused a death, but how does one persuade the public to adopt a more accurate view of the pharmacological reality?" the authors ask.) Which drugs should be legalized, and where and how would they be sold? And the ACLU's Kevin Gray, comparing the Drug War's effect on black communities to Jim Crow, calls for "an antiwar movement." Fish, a psychology professor at St. John's University in Queens, NY, suggests a gradual transition to legalization, through steps like legalizing needle exchange and medical marijuana, and moving on to regulating marijuana like alcohol and tobacco, and legalizing coca leaves, psilocybin and MDMA. However, he believes the end of the Drug War will be "discontinuous"-as rapid and sudden as the extinction of the dinosaurs.

In this splendid volume the full import of the Vedic Knowledge on which the ancient Vedic Civilization was based is set out. Could such a civilization ever exist again? The answer provided in this book is a resounding 'Yes!' India can again become Ideal India and can be a Lighthouse of Peace on Earth.

This book is a tour-de-force, integrating the deepest significance of the plethora of expressions of Natural Law embodied in the different Vedic Devatas, with the most recent understandings of how the vibrational modes of the Superstring Quantum Field Theory give rise to all creation. It details how the very existence of our human physiology is an integrated expression of both. In addition, whatever your field: government,
education, medicine, defence, agriculture etc., the knowledge for ide al administration of your area is clearly set out, together with extensive references to recent research, and presentations by those who have begun to implement these principles. In language anyone can easily understand, this book presents fully the practical applications of the teachings of His Holiness Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.

To be Indian at a time when this level of knowledge is available everywhere (check out Veda Vision/The Maharishi Channel, a world-wide satellite TV channel referred to in this book), must be to swell with a pride greater than that of the citizens of any of the world's great empires. This book is an investment that no-one can afford to be without in this 21st century.

Ideal India - the Lighthouse of Peace on Earth is one of the most inspiring, informative, reliable and confidence-building books that I and my husband, Dr. Dinesh Dey, have ever read. It was extremely uplifting to understand that no nation, no individual, need feel suppressed or suffer today, because the key to power is in being invincible. The knowledge to gain invincibility is readily available in this book.

Every important aspect of life and living has been critically approached and analyzed, namely: education, health care, administration, defense, agriculture, and poverty. Maharishi Mahesh Yogi has emphasized that all problems arise out of our ignorance of self, and only true knowledge about the self can solve every difficulty, every problem in our lives. At the basis of this enlightened approach to the world's problems is the knowledge drawn from the Vedas and Vedic Literature, a body of knowledge compiled by great seers or Rishis of India from time immemorial and reorganized by Maharishi for its theoretical and practical significance.

The most appealing aspect of the book is that it constantly draws upon a great body of scientific research and publications that have over the years authenticated the beneficial aspects of Transcendental meditation and the Vedic knowledge. That the Veda and Vedic Literature have the answers from the smallest to the largest problems in today's world is amazing.

It was doubly satisfying for us to read this book, because, as Indians, we realized that it is a book which can not only make all Indians comprehend that in India's glorious past is the solution to all it's present woes, but that India can also serve as a road map for peace, prosperity and progress for all nations on earth.

Ideal India-Lighthouse of Peace on Earth is an enormous, consummate gift from His Holiness Maharishi Mahesh Yogi to India, the Land of the Veda, and to the whole world.

The unspoken exhortation, "Awake!" runs like a chord throughout the book:

"Awake, India, to the priceless treasure of your Vedic heritage.

"Awake, modern world-so peaceless, divided, and self-destructive-to your natural state of unity and enlightenment."

In the Bhagavad Gita, the most famous text of the Vedic Literature, Lord Krishna gives Arjuna the Total Knowledge of life and Arjuna says, "Smriti Labda-I have regained memory." In the same way, Maharishi knows that India's Vedic Tradition provides the master key to eliminate all problems in every field of human life-only India herself must remember her Vedic heritage, buried under the cloud of centuries of foreign influence.

Nearly half a century ago, Maharishi took as his goal the spiritual regeneration of the whole world through the complete knowledge of life passed down through the great Masters of the Vedic Tradition. During the past forty-five years, he has organized the millennia-old scattered Vedic Literature into a perfect science and has designed programs to apply this knowledge to every area of society.

In Ideal India-Lighthouse of Peace on Earth, Maharishi reminds India that "The roots of Indian life are in Cosmic Law. Modern laws are too superficial to do justice to the ideals of real Indian Law and the Indian aspiration for Cosmic Life to be practically lived in individual life."

This book tells us that "Veda" means knowledge, the Total Knowledge of Natural Law. Maharishi sees India-the real India, which is a land of knowledge, the Land of the Veda-as having the ability to radiate an indomitable influence of peace and to serve as a nourishing mother for our whole world family by making every area of national life Vedic. The book outlines in complete, practical detail exactly how this can be done.

Ideal India- Lighthouse of Peace on Earth is not only a book for India; it is an encyclopedia of Maharishi's Vedic Science, including within its 500 pages the content of a number of Maharishi's other books, as well as many new gems of knowledge, for example the extensive section on Maharishi Vedic Organic Agriculture.

Lovers of peace around the world will treasure this book, will feel overwhelming gratitude to Maharishi for disclosing the Total Knowledge of life so simply and practically in this generation, and will feel compelled to apply its wisdom to restore our world to its natural state of peace and perfection.

I read this a long time ago so I won't have any detail to give other than to say that I liked the book and I think it is worthy of five stars.

Schmookler can write. And much of it rings in like poetry. Along with his major book, The Parable of the Tribes, this is one of my favorites.

Mr. Schmookler does an excellent job critiquing conventional economic theory of all stripes in this book. He shows the virtues and flaws of markets in good detail. The finest part of this work, though, in my opinion, was its fine rejection of libertarian economic ideas, especially since it utilizes the words of the libertarians themselves in doing so. Mr. Schmookler has obviously studied the views of numerous conventional and alternative economists and he does a fine job of explaining their views and problems with them. Just an excellent work - easily the finest text I've seen on economics yet. Highly recommended.

Is Immigration really the bane of America that a lot of people say it is? "Immigration and the American Future" claims it to be so, promoting that mass immigration is a larger threat to the American way of life than even a full fledged Terrorist campaign, which means its threat is quite dire indeed. Many intellectual minds weigh in on the controversial and touchy subject, contributing to this scholarly informed and informative well edited and composed paperback. For those seeking a through look at the Anti-immigration viewpoint, "Immigration and the American Future" is highly recommended, and it should find a place on many a community library social issues shelf.

his last book was a best seller that got 530? bad reviews...at least thats what he claims in the 2nd edition....
He has a background in financial Journalism...figures and facts,,
which he puts to good use in his books.

I was reminded of this remarkable imbalance in empirical knowledge between the two sides in the immigration debates while reading Immigration and the American Future, edited by long-time VDARE.com contributor Chilton Williamson, Jr., a fact-crammed collection of 14 essays from Chronicles Press, which is affiliated with Chronicles: A Magazine of American Culture of Rockford, Illinois. [VDARE.com note: Chronicles fans will prefer to buy through the magazine].

In this book Professor Borjas is himself represented by a long interview with VDARE.COM editor Peter Brimelow. The two veteran students of economics share a laugh over how the opinion divide on immigration policy between the rich and the rest can be explained by an old economic concept that Dr. Caplan has overlooked: class self-interest.

Borjas: "Who exactly is lobbying for guest workers? Is it you and me? No, it's employers, right? Why would employers tend to go to Washington and expend their resources lobbying for something that doesn't benefit them?

Brimelow: "It can all be explained in rather crass Marxist terms, can't it? The class analysis works.

Borjas: "Of course! Of course! The Marxist analysis works."

In other words, pro-immigration arguments are so shameless and stupid that they are rehabilitating the reputation of Karl Marx.

Williamson's new book includes three other essays on economics: by Rockford Institute chairman David A. Hartman, VDARE.COM's Edwin S. Rubenstein, and from James A. Bernsen and the Lone Star Foundation on the costs of illegal immigration to Texas. Each economics chapter is beautifully illustrated with very clear graphs and data tables. Reading any of them would likely double the sum total of the average economist's objective knowledge about immigration.

Yet economics is only one aspect of the immigration quandary. As Thomas Fleming, editor of Chronicles recalls in his chapter "Up Mexico Way":

"Some years ago, when I began speaking and writing on the immigration question, I ran into trouble very quickly. So long as I was content to quotes George Borjas's and Donald Huddle's statistics on the economic impact of immigration, my arguments were treated politely by advocates on both sides, but when I made the mistake of raising the question of culture, of the kind of country that America would be turned into by mass immigration, I was informed by opponents of unrestricted immigration that anyone who raised the cultural question would be accused of bigotry. How convenient, I thought."

Fleming offers an informative contrast between American culture and Mexican culture and how they are amalgamating, focusing on the border cities of El Paso and Ciudad Juarez, where so many women have been murdered. Fleming, a resident of the upper Midwest, is particularly struck by the traditional Mexican love of violence, which has long been reflected across the border in Texas, scene of brutal Cormac McCarthy border novels such as No Country for Old Men and All the Pretty Horses.

Indeed, southern Arizona journalist Gregory McNamee's chapter on the environmental impact of immigration reads rather like a McCarthy novel. He describes a member of the Tohono O'odham (a.k.a. Papago) Nation (which has long protested how the constant flow of illegal immigrants degrades their land along 70 miles of border) who works "cutting for sign" for an elite unit of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Service known as the Shadow Wolves:

"The tracker kneels in the middle of the dry desert wash, looking intently at the sandy, rock-strewn floor. The earth bears faint impressions of many kinds... A few hours ago, before dawn, two men came this way, heading south. More men passed, heading north. Many more."

"Greetings from Ground Zero" by Steven Greenhut of the Orange County Register assesses immigration from a more urban perspective, that of Southern California. He notes that this market of 17 million people lost its only country music radio station in late 2006, when KZLA switched to an "urban" format specializing in quasi-music like the Black Eyed Peas rap travesty "My Humps".

The good news is that SoCal now has a country radio station again: 105.1 FM. The bad news is that. to become the new country station, 105.1 stopped being LA's only commercial FM classical station.

On the political side, Peter Brimelow has a second chapter analyzing Big Business's love affair with immigration "as a savage attack by the American rich on the American poor (and middle class), by American capitalists on the living standards of the American working class."

But he goes on to explain:

"The business elite is surprisingly flexible over time... It just wants to be left alone. So it sometimes responds very quickly to friendly hints dropped by politicians... In the 30-year struggle that culminated in the legislated cutoff of the last Great Wave of immigration in the 1920s, it was the business elite's fear of mounting social disorder that caused it to change sides. The scars from the little-remembered anarchist bombing outside J.P. Morgan, Inc. on September 16, 1920, which killed 33 people and injured 400 are still visible on the façade of 23 Wall Street."

The crime was never solved. The Italian immigrant chief suspect fled back to his homeland. But business had learned (temporarily, at least) that cheap labor could be expensive.