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Very HelpfulReview Date: 2000-12-31

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Chinese Intellectual Change in the Process of ModernityReview Date: 2003-10-25
The train of thought throughout the work is at times hard to follow and may require several re-readings of certain passages and some historical understandings of events leading up to the problems late-Qing scholar-officials faced or what Metzger refers to as their "predicament". The first chapter along with the final two are broad discussions of the subject at hand, this being the porous attributes of Confucianism, while the middle chapters, chapters two and three, concentrate in detail on the thought of T'ang Chun-I, Chu Hsi (Zhu Xi), and Wang Yangming. The latter two being the most influential Neo-Confucians in the Song and Ming dynasties, repectively. Chapter one deals mainly with the psychological patterns such as the anxieties and fears which led to the interdependence shared by the literati and heightened by their practice of Neo-Confucianism. At times the chapter is much like other literature of behaviorist such as Lucian Pye's "Spirit of Chinese Politics" and "The Mandarin and the Cadre".
Chapter two deals with the thoughts of Tang Chun-I, who at the time of Metzger's writing was a Professor of Philosophy at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Tang held the view that "the Chinese need not humiliate themselves by adopting a 'self-deprecating admiring attitude toward the West"(pp.30-1). Instead, he put forth an "intellectual commitment to the universal validity of Confucian values"(p.30). Metzger goes on to explain Tang's comparisons between a traditional East-West philosophical understanding of the world around them. Whereas the West strove to overcome nature and then attempt to control it, the Chinese on the other hand, attempted to understand the nature of reality and was not fixed on one reponse, but more like the Daoist imagery of flowing water, constantly taking on the shape of its surroundings. It is again important to note here that this view differs greatly from earlier writings mentioned above which attempted to show that Chinese culture valued harmony above all else and was paralyzed by the chaos (luan) that occurred in the late 1800's. Although it may not seem evident while reading the second chapter, Tang's ruminations and comparisons of East and West help to lay a solid foundation for the remaining chapters.
Chapter
three, which takes up a majority of the book, sets about explaining in detail how the "predicament", referred to above, came
to be so pronounced by the late Qing dyansty. "The Neo-Confucian goal can be variously described as 'self-cultivation', the
achievement of 'sagehood', or realization of 'the oneness of heaven and man'"(p.60). In other words it is what the Analects
(lunyu) referred to as a gentleman (junzi), one that can see an issue from all sides without bias. Although this was the
goal embraced by the whole of the Confucian tradition, pressure to achieve it became increasingly consequential in the Ming
dynasty caused by the 100 years of Mongol rule. This ultimately carried over into the Qing era. This goal, as understood
by the scholar-official of the late Qing, would never be reached as it was believed to be by the ancient sages of the early
Zhou period, but nevertheless this realization did not negate the effort extended in trying to achieve this Confucian nirvana.
This "predicament" was pronounced and would remain as long as Neo-Confucianism remained at the forefront of intellectual discourse,
for this was the case from the Song dyansty up until it was seriously questioned by the coming of the West in the late Qing
dynasty. The remainder of the chapter deals with Zhu Xi's and Wang Yangming's concept of the linkage between heaven-conferred
nature (xing) and principle (li) and man's relation to them, which was the main formula that made up the Neo-Confucian tradition.
Chapter four deals with the bureaucratic practices that perpetuated the interdependence and the sense of predicament that
is discussed in detail throughout chapter three. For instance, corruption within the bureaucracy was legitimated in terms
of the cultural patterns listed above(p.170).
The final chapter, chapter five, "The Ethos of Interdependence in an
Age of Rising Optimism and Westernization", attempts to show that Confucian values did not completely fade with the ending
of the traditional imperial order but instead were an integral part of the Chinese political psyche and therefore could not
be simply thrown off in order to don a new political ideology(p194). Therefore, although Mao Zedong and the other communist
leaders tried desperately to shed Confucian ideas and bring a completely new form of ideology to China, they were nonetheless
hopelessly mired in the long tradition of Confucian influence on the Chinese political stage. Such is the persistence of
culture.
Metzger's attempt to take an old argument and view it from a new angle is refreshing to say the least. Although
certain areas of the work may be too detailed for the average reader and in other areas it may be too brief for experienced
readers of Confucianism and modern Chinese history, it nonetheless captures the continuities and the persistence of culture
that cannot be overlooked when studying a civilization, especially one as old as China.

True story epic thriller!Review Date: 2007-09-08

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Intriguing novelReview Date: 2007-03-14

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Escape from Siberian ExileReview Date: 2006-08-17

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A microcosm of the contradictions of slaveryReview Date: 2001-06-20
Frederick Douglass was one of the most articulate voices opposed to slavery among free blacks. A natural writer, he describes his life in slavery and how dehumanizing it was. The time he spent in slavery was a microcosm of most of the contradictions of slavery. Taken from his mother at a young age, he knew nothing about his white father. A slave was property to their owner, somewhat on a par with a horse or cattle. And yet, many slaveholders fathered children with their female slaves. Many slaves were severely beaten or killed for disobedience. Chivalrous gentleman who would not tolerate a man beating a horse would speak approval of similar actions being performed on a defenseless slave. Douglass was beaten many times, even to the point of possible permanent injury, for actions that were simply human. Finally, there was the bizarre spectacle of slaves and free blacks living in the same areas, sometimes even being relatives by blood or marriage. The woman who eventually became his wife was a free woman while he was a slave, joining him after he escaped to freedom.
It does us all good to be reminded how destructive slavery was to the structure of American society. Douglass lived on both sides of the issue and his story of the slave years are a powerful tale of human destruction. Written for older children, this book should be required reading for graduation from high school.

A Masterpiece!Review Date: 2001-01-13


Something of a ragbag--but what rags!Review Date: 2004-10-12
So what? The diversity of topics is refreshing, and they all benefit from Wilson's generosity, his keen intelligence and genuine depth, and his serious though totally un-academic scholarship. And the two central essays, "Marx and Proudhon Escape the Nineteenth Century" and "The Shamanic Trace," raise key issues about the chances that we may yet find a way out of the self-devouring cycles of the world laid down in the European nineteenth century, that age red in tooth and claw. Very highly recommended.

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It will speak to you even if you've never heard of Hip-HopReview Date: 2008-08-31
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A delightful treasureReview Date: 1999-03-08
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