Papers Books

These books are well written and absolutely hilarious. Why are such great books always out of print? If you come across any of the Bandy Papers in a 2nd hand bookshop, do not hesitate irrespective of price or condition.

With no airports at the time, and planes flying where a sight to see with very few out there. The reaction of people seeing one landing in their feilds and the pilot asking if they had any fuel or help in getting directions and turning the plane around keeps you laughing. Not to mention his dareing antics preformed by accident

"Memories in Miniature" by Pamela Frye Hauer is so cool, I love it! It's definitely not your typical scrapbooking book. The projects are geared towards "memory crafts", (using photos and mementos), but they could all be adapted to little art pieces and other projects not using photos. The style is really fun and funky and often has a retro/artsy feel to it. The cover doesn't do justice to all the great artwork and ideas inside. This big and colorful book has 4 chapters: Family & Friends, Events & Celebrations, Babies & Children and Home & Holidays; everything is covered in here, and all the projects are really vesatile. Each project in the book is 2 pages, with full color photos including variations, instructions and many have "how-to" photos too. Plus there are dozens and dozens of additional ideas and tips throughout the book!

The projects range all the way from building and decorating many kinds of unique mini albums, all the way to jewelry, magnets, snowdomes,home items and even little games! Pamela shows how they can all be used as much more than keepsakes too- like for one-of-a-kind gifts, invitations, ornaments, home decor, favors, etc. All of her ideas can be done quick and simple by beginners, or done with as much time and detail that an advanced crafter might like to invest.

So, if you're an artist, collector, scrapbooker or crafty at all, this is a really nice-looking, well put-together and useful book to add to your library!

Pamela Frye Hauer's "Memories in Miniature" has the best photo keepsake and gift ideas I've come across in ages! As an international flight attendant, I have traveled the world from one end to the other, and I have stacks of albums with pictures of airplanes, landmarks, and faces from every continent. I considered myself a scrapbooker of sorts, saving train tickets and cocktail napkins to put in my photo albums alongside my snapshots, and making the occasional trip to Michael's to buy suitcase stickers. My friends would peruse the first few pages of my albums before gently closing them and changing the subject. But after a friend of mine turned me on to Pamela's book ("you've got to check out her ideas!"), I compiled some new mini albums, one of travel shots and several of my nieces and nephews, with shots from bris to bat mitvahs, and I can barely keep those albums on the shelf. Now my friends oooooh and aaaah over every page, and when they get to the end, most often they start right over again. Pamela's book is packed with unique ideas and great techniques for making a big deal out of small photos. What I like best about this book is the way she taught me to look at my photos differently, and taught me I can crop the best bits out of what might be a so-so 3x5, and make eye-popping mini memories! The magnets I've made using my very own photos of the Sydney Opera House and the Panama Canal are the showpieces of my kitchen, and my sister-in-law loves the necklace I made for her with my favorite photo of her twins -- her friends are lined up with their own baby pictures begging me to make more! And the fact that she illustrates her ideas with her own memories, using photos of what are obviously her family and friends instead of clip-art landscapes and studio portraits of models, makes even her most elaborate ideas seem achievable. I have already started collecting tidbits I plan to use for my own wedding invitations and favors, and we're not even engaged yet. (fingers crossed!!) I wonder if I could get Pamela Frye Hauer to help me put my wedding album together... You WON'T be disappointed with this fun and original book, and you'll be thrilled with the results you get with your own memories!!

I bought all the books in this series. They are all wonderful. The images can be used directly from the book or you can print yourself from the CD included. I am very happy. Some of the images are cropped too closely so you don't get it all, but more the most part, the quality is great.

I bought all of the available books from this publisher and I am enchanted by each and every one of them. The selections are beautiful, unusual, unique and applicable to a wide range of projects and applications. The images can be copied from a high quality CD-ROM or copied on a toner printer with fabulous results. There are many clip art books with CD-ROMS available by high end and popular publishers at a much higher price. This series is heads above all of them.
I am in the process of making a scrapbook for my 18 year old goddaughter. I found many images that apply to many of her interests and experiences. There are also many images that beautifully depict stages of childhood and life. I was frantic (of course this is all done at the last minute!) to find music images. They exceeded my expectations for beauty and quirkiness.
I usually do not recommend books, and I am a book junkie, at this level of praise but it is well earned,

"Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes." "A series of theories is theoretically progressive ... if each new theory has some excess empirical content over its predecessor, that is, if it predicts some novel, hitherto unexpected fact. ... [It] is also empirically progressive ... if some of this excess empirical content is also corroborated, that is, if each new theory leads to the discovery of some new fact. Finally, let us call a problemshift progressive if it is both theoretically and empirically progressive, and degenerating if it is not." (pp. 33-34). "Justificationists valued 'confirming' instances of a theory; naive falsificationists stressed the 'refuting' instances; for the methodological falsificationist [i.e. Lakatos] it is the---rather rare---corroborating instances of the excess information which are the crucial ones ... We are no longer interested in the thousands of trivial verifying instances nor in the hundreds of readily available anomalies." (p. 36). One implication is that it may be perfectly rational to work on a theory even if it rests on false assumptions. "Indeed, some of the most important research programmes in the history of science were grafted on to older programmes with which they were blatantly inconsistent." (p. 56). In quantum mechanics, for example, "the decision to go ahead with temporarily inconsistent foundations was taken by Einstein in 1905, but even he wavered in 1913, when Bohr forged forward again" (p. 59). Similarly, "Cartesian push-mechanics" was "inconsistent with Newton's theory of gravitation," but "Newton worked both on his positive heuristic (successfully) and on a reductionist programme (unsuccessfully), and disapproved both of Cartesians who, like Huyghens, thought that it was not worth wasting time on an 'unintelligible' programme and of some of his rash disciples who, like Cotes, thought that the inconsistency presented no problem" (p. 59). Another consequence is that "The history of science has been and should be a history of competing research programmes ..., but it has not been and must not become a succession of periods of normal science: the sooner competition starts, the better for progress. 'Theoretical pluralism' is better than 'theoretical monism'" (p. 69).

I think Lakatos makes too much of the Popper/Kuhn dichotomy. Lakatos points out again and again that he "followed, and tried to improve, Popperian tradition" (p. 95), and has copious quotations and precise footnotes pointing to Popper. By contrast, Kuhn's theory is brusquely misrepresented without proper referencing; e.g. "there is no particular rational cause for the appearance of a Kuhnian 'crisis' ... 'Crisis' is a psychological concept; it is a contagious panic" (p. 90), for which there is no reference other than an inconspicuous "Kuhn [1970]" elsewhere on the page. This is all the more unfortunate since "Popper never abandoned his earlier (naive) falsification rules. He has demanded, until this day, that 'criteria of refutation have to be laid down beforehand: it must be agreed, which observable situations, if actually observed, mean that a theory is refuted'" (p. 94), which Lakatos has just demonstrated to be utter folly (e.g., pp. 17, 65ff.).

"Why did Copernicus's research programme supersede Ptolemy's?" Ptolemy's "research programme" was clearly degenerate. "Every single move in the geostatic programme ran counter to the Platonic heuristic" (p. 181), e.g. equants, and "it always lagged behind the facts" (p. 182). "Copernicus's programme was certainly theoretically progressive. It anticipated novel facts never observed before" (p. 183), such as the phases of Venus. But none of these anticipated novel facts were corroborated until the phases of Venus were observed in 1616. "It seems then that the Copernican Revolution only became a fully fledged scientific revolution in 1616, when it was almost immediately abandoned for the new dynamics-oriented physics" (p. 184). Hardly very satisfying, but we are saved by "Elie Zahar's modified methodology of scientific research programmes" (p. 185). "Zahar's modification lies primarily in his new conception of 'novel fact'. ... Zahar's claim is that several important facts concerning planetary motions are straightforward consequences of the original Copernican assumptions and that, although these facts were previously known, they lend much more support to Copernicus than to Ptolemy within whose system they were dealt with only in an ad hoc manner, by parameter adjustment. From the Copernican model ... the following facts can be predicted prior to any observation: (i) Planets have stations and retrogressions. ... (ii) The periods of the superior planets, as seen from the Earth are not constant. ... (iv) The elongation of the inferior planets is bounded" (pp. 185-186). Furthermore, "the determination of planetary distances represents excess content of Copernicus's theory over Ptolemy's" (p. 187). "But it turned out that apart from his initial successes, Copernicus could save all the Ptolemaic phenomena only in an ad hoc and, in its dynamical aspects, very unsatisfactory, way. So Kepler and Galileo took off from the Commentariolus rather than from De revolutionibus. They took off from the point where the steam ran out of the Copernican programme." (p. 188). Here Lakatos seems to forget that Copernicus determination of the planetary distances was necessary for Kepler's cherished polyhedral theory.

"History of science and its rational reconstructions." A philosophy of science (or a "logic of scientific discovery") "can be criticized by criticizing the rational reconstructions to which they lead" (p. 122). For example, "the internal history of inductivists consists of alleged discoveries of hard facts and of so-called inductive generalizations. The internal history of conventionalists consists of factual discoveries and of the erection of pigeon hole systems and their replacement by allegedly simpler ones. The internal history of falsificationists dramatizes bold conjectures ... and, above all, triumphant 'negative crucial experiments'. The methodology, finally, emphasizes long-extended theoretical and empirical rivalry of major research programmes [and] progressive and degenerating problemshifts." (p. 118). History is the ultimate test for any philosophy of science in that "history may be seen as a 'test' of its rational reconstructions" (p. 123). "If a historian's methodology provides a poor rational reconstruction, he may either misread history in such a way that it coincides with his rational reconstruction, or he will find that the history of science is highly irrational." (p. 127).

Lakatos apparently felt that the last article, on Newton, was "in need of substantial revision" (p. 193) and one can only agree. For one thing, Lakatos claims that "Newton turns the negation of his theory into its own foundation" (p. 210) just because the law of gravitation is derived from Kepler's laws with which it is strictly speaking inconsistent. This is hardly a very balanced statement, especially not from someone who accuses Kuhn of feeding "the New Left" (p. 136).

Philosophy of Science is a crucial subset of philosophy, since it directly affects scientific research. We need to know what constitutes a properly constructed theory, and more to the point, which claims are not theoretical, or perhaps not even scientific. With that goal established, we need to know how to empirically verify the theory in question. Theories are developed within axiomatic systems, are based on assumptions, and present us with a compact thesis, or a set of theses. A theory is scientific if we can falsify it with empirical data. If a theory is not testable, then it is not a good theory, since we cannot accept or reject its propositions. An obvious point is to be raised here - when and under which conditions shall we reject a theory?

Methodological studies flourished in the XX century with the works of Karl Popper, Milton Friedman, Imre Lakatos, Harold Kuhn, Paul Feyerabend and other philosophers. The contribution of Imre Lakatos was significant. With his version of corroboration and refined fascificationism we were able to apply new standards towards the methods of rejection of scientific theories. A single rejection of the scientific theory is not likely to falsify it, unlike advocated previously. However, the main point is that while the absolute truth is always of importance, i.e. whether a given theory is considered "true" because we have not been able to negatively falsify that theory; it is more important that various theories can be compared to each other, even if they are all imperfect. To this end, we can specify a set of thresholds, and say that a research programme A is more empirically valid than a research programme B if it does withstand a larger number of empirical tests. Of course, as simple as it sounds, it is a useful method of evaluation of theories, and can be augmented as needed within a given science.

Philosophy of Science and methodology is of utmost importance to theorists, since more often than not, nonscientific methods of theory construction are used, and even worse, empirical data are inductively used to hypothesize about the causes for the pattern of these data. It's methodologically invalid and by construction, these theories are not falsifiable since they are derived from data. This is true especially within economic theory; labor economics and macroeconomics in particular.

The works of Lakatos are summarized and condensed in various descriptive volumes on the Philosophy of Science, however it is illuminating to read the original works of this ingenious philosopher, since by doing so you gain an additional layer of understanding.

I will not go as far as saying that it should have been a must reading for any scientist, since such proposition would be hardly realistic, but I will say that it is a treat for those who have already tasted methodology in a compact form, and would like to expand their knowledge.

Henderson's text is penetrating analysis of the global corporate social responsibility (CSR) push. With alarming ease Henderson questions some of the very basic tenets of CSR.

If you are in the CSR industry, you must read this book and be able to tackle Henderson's hard-headed critique.

Henderson's text is penetrating analysis of the global corporate social responsibility (CSR) push. With alarming ease Henderson questions some of the very basic tenets of CSR.

If you are in the CSR industry, you must read this book and be able to tackle Henderson's hard-headed critique.

Mobile Object Systems: Abstracts Introduction This book presents a collection of papers dealing with different aspects of mobile computations. Mobile computations are computations that are not bound to single locations, but may move at will to best use the computer network's resources. In this view, the network becomes a single, vast, programmable environment. Among computer scientists, many feel that this approach will have a profound effect on the way we design and implement distributed applications, and they agree that we are witnessing a paradigm change. However, this new and exciting paradigm requires advances, both theoretical and applied, in fields such as programming languages (where we need a sound semantic foundation and efficient implementations), operating systems and software safety and security. Some of the first steps towards a programmable Internet are documented here. This book follows a particular approach to mobile computation. It emphasizes the synergy between mobility and object-oriented programming, hence the title Mobile Object Systems. Mobile object systems, in our view, are self-contained and autonomous groups of objects. They carry out a computation for an end-user in some initial computational environment and may dynamically change their environment for one that is on a remote computer. There is a close relationship between mobile object systems and research on so-called mobile software agents. In both cases, the focus is software mobility, but we prefer the terms mobile computation and mobile object systems as they are more accurate descriptions of the technology, while mobile agents has a fuzzy meaning that overlaps with artificial intelligence research. The papers in this book are more concerned with problems of software mobility per se. Nevertheless, the terms are quite close and are often used interchangeably even within the present work. The starting point of this book was a number of discussions and presentations given at the second International Workshop on Mobile Object Systems (MOS'96) held in 1996 in conjunction with the European Object Oriented Programming Conference (ECOOP'96) in Linz. The core of the book is made up of reworked versions of the submitted papers. However, we wanted to broaden the scope of this volume and survey a large portion of the research in this rapidly expanding field. We invited a number of researchers to contribute reprints of important papers or to write entirely new pieces. This book is the result. Overview The book is organized in three parts: (I) Foundations, (II) Concepts, and (III) Implementation, followed by an appendix. We detail the content of each part next. Part I of the book contains chapters giving background and motivation for the research on mobile computations. The chapter by Cardelli is a brief introduction to the issues and challenges of mobile computation. It is followed by a reprint of a paper by Tsichritzis, written twelve years ago, which describes many of the features we are looking for in mobile object systems using the animal world as a metaphor for mobile computations. The chapter by Waldo et al.was written in 1994 and convincingly argues against transparency in distributed computing. To some extent it motivates the work on mobile computations, as mobile computations naturally suggest making mobility and location visible to the programmer. The chapter by Chess et al.investigates advantages and disadvantages of mobile computations by looking at their application. The last chapter, by Tschudin, contains a philosophical and philological discussion of messages and instructions. Part II contains descriptions of systems and concepts for mobile computations. The chapter by Cugola et al.analyzes languages that support some form of code mobility, trying to compare them and get at some of the basic principles of those languages. The chapter by Acharya et al.presents Sumatra, a Java based environment for mobile applications. The chapter by Bharat and Cardelli presents Visual Obliq, an implementation of mobile computation based on Obliq. The chapter by Tschudin presents a messenger environment. The chapter by Mira da Silva discusses the relationship between persistence and mobility. The chapter by Vitek et al.considers security for communication between object systems. The chapter by Kato looks further into security issues. The chapter by Ciancarini and Rossi presents an architecture for coordination and communication on wide area networks that can be used between mobile computations or plain Java programs. Part III contains papers detailing implementation considerations and techniques. The chapter by Knabe looks at the trade-offs between different representations of agents and efficiency. In the second chapter, Franz presents a particular representation called Slim Binaries which is particularly well suited to mobile code, as well as a more general dynamic code optimization technique. The chapter by Dugan describes the implementation of mobility of polymorphic data in a strongly typed programming language. Finally, the paper by Dðmel discusses the implementation of a system that allows Java programs to interact with Telescript agents. We would like to thank the program committee of the MOS'96 workshop, Joachim Baumann, Luca Cardelli, Paolo Ciancarini, and Doug Lea, for their help and excellent reviewing. February 1997 J. Vitek and C. Tschudin Geneva and Zurich ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Objectworld D. Tsichritzis An environment is outlined in which programming objects collect and disseminate information, using analogies from the animal world. Objects have their own rules of behaviour. They coordinate their activities by participating in events. Objects get born, move around, communicate and receive information and, eventually, die. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Mobile Agents: Are They a Good Idea? David Chess, Colin Harrison, Aaron Kershenbaum Mobile agents are programs, typically written in a script language, which may be dispatched from a client computer and transported to a remote server computer for execution. Several authors have suggested that mobile agents offer an important new method of performing transactions and information retrieval in networks. Other writers have pointed out, however, that mobile agents introduce severe concerns for security. We consider the advantages offered by mobile agents and assess them against alternate methods of achieving the same function. We conclude that, while the individual advantages of agents do not represent an overwhelming motivation for their adoption, the creation of a pervasive agent framework facilitates a very large number of network services and applications. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A Note on Distributed Computing Jim Waldo, Geoff Wyant, Ann Wollrath, and Sam Kendall Much of the current work in distributed, object-oriented systems is based on the assumption that objects form a single ontological class. This class consists of all entities that can be fully described by the specification of the set of interfaces supported by the object and the semantics of the operations in those interfaces. The class includes objects that share a single address space, objects that are in separate address spaces on the same machine, and objects that are in separate address spaces on different machines (with, perhaps, different architectures). On the view that all objects are essentially the same kind of entity, these differences in relative location are merely an aspect of the implementation of the object. Indeed, the location of an object may change over time, as an object migrates from one machine to another or the implementation of the object changes. It is the thesis of this note that this unified view of objects is mistaken. There are fundamental differences between the interactions of distributed objects and the interactions of non-distributed objects. Further, work in distributed object-oriented systems that is based on a model that ignores or denies these differences is doomed to failure, and could easily lead to an industry-wide rejection of the notion of distributed object-based systems. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Instruction-Based Communications Christian Tschudin This papers explores a mode of communication that is based on instruction rather than interpretation. Starting from Shannon's (interpretative) communication model, I link instruction±based communications to mobile code (messengers), to ªsignsº as they are defined in semiotics, and to the virus theme commonly found in cell biology, computer science and literature. Virus±codes are conjectured to be more powerful that the equivalence codes studied by Shannon. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Analyzing Mobile Code Languages Gianpaolo Cugola, Carlo Ghezzi, Gian Pietro Picco, Giovanni Vigna The growing importance of telecommunication networks has stimulated research on a new generation of programming languages. S

Mobile Object Systems: Abstracts Introduction This bookpresents a collection of papers dealing with different aspects ofmobile computations. Mobile computations are computations that are not bound to single locations, but may move at will to best use the computer network's resources. In this view, the network becomes a single, vast, programmable environment. Among computer scientists, many feel that this approach will have a profound effect on the way we design and implement distributed applications, and they agree that we are witnessing a paradigm change. However, this new and exciting paradigm requires advances, both theoretical and applied, in fields such as programming languages (where we need a sound semantic foundation and efficient implementations), operating systems and software safety and security. Some of the first steps towards a programmable Internet are documented here. This book follows a particular approach to mobile computation. It emphasizes the synergy between mobility and object-oriented programming, hence the title Mobile Object Systems. Mobile object systems, in our view, are self-contained and autonomous groups of objects. They carry out a computation for an end-user in some initial computational environment and may dynamically change their environment for one that is on a remote computer. There is a close relationship between mobile object systems and research on so-called mobile software agents. In both cases, the focus is software mobility, but we prefer the terms mobile computation and mobile object systems as they are more accurate descriptions of the technology, while mobile agents has a fuzzy meaning that overlaps with artificial intelligence research. The papers in this book are more concerned with problems of software mobility per se. Nevertheless, the terms are quite close and are often used interchangeably even within the present work. The starting point of this book was a number of discussions and presentations given at the second International Workshop on Mobile Object Systems (MOS'96) held in 1996 in conjunction with the European Object Oriented Programming Conference (ECOOP'96) in Linz. The core of the book is made up of reworked versions of the submitted papers. However, we wanted to broaden the scope of this volume and survey a large portion of the research in this rapidly expanding field. We invited a number of researchers to contribute reprints of important papers or to write entirely new pieces. This book is the result. Overview The book is organized in three parts: (I) Foundations, (II) Concepts, and (III) Implementation, followed by an appendix. We detail the content of each part next. Part I of the book contains chapters giving background and motivation for the research on mobile computations. The chapter by Cardelli is a brief introduction to the issues and challenges of mobile computation. It is followed by a reprint of a paper by Tsichritzis, written twelve years ago, which describes many of the features we are looking for in mobile object systems using the animal world as a metaphor for mobile computations. The chapter by Waldo et al.was written in 1994 and convincingly argues against transparency in distributed computing. To some extent it motivates the work on mobile computations, as mobile computations naturally suggest making mobility and location visible to the programmer. The chapter by Chess et al.investigates advantages and disadvantages of mobile computations by looking at their application. The last chapter, by Tschudin, contains a philosophical and philological discussion of messages and instructions. Part II contains descriptions of systems and concepts for mobile computations. The chapter by Cugola et al.analyzes languages that support some form of code mobility, trying to compare them and get at some of the basic principles of those languages. The chapter by Acharya et al.presents Sumatra, a Java based environment for mobile applications. The chapter by Bharat and Cardelli presents Visual Obliq, an implementation of mobile computation based on Obliq. The chapter by Tschudin presents a messenger environment. The chapter by Mira da Silva discusses the relationship between persistence and mobility. The chapter by Vitek et al.considers security for communication between object systems. The chapter by Kato looks further into security issues. The chapter by Ciancarini and Rossi presents an architecture for coordination and communication on wide area networks that can be used between mobile computations or plain Java programs. Part III contains papers detailing implementation considerations and techniques. The chapter by Knabe looks at the trade-offs between different representations of agents and efficiency. In the second chapter, Franz presents a particular representation called Slim Binaries which is particularly well suited to mobile code, as well as a more general dynamic code optimization technique. The chapter by Dugan describes the implementation of mobility of polymorphic data in a strongly typed programming language. Finally, the paper by Dðmel discusses the implementation of a system that allows Java programs to interact with Telescript agents. We would like to thank the program committee of the MOS'96 workshop, Joachim Baumann, Luca Cardelli, Paolo Ciancarini, and Doug Lea, for their help and excellent reviewing. February 1997 J. Vitek and C. Tschudin Geneva and Zurich ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Objectworld D. Tsichritzis An environment is outlined in which programming objects collect and disseminate information, using analogies from the animal world. Objects have their own rules of behaviour. They coordinate their activities by participating in events. Objects get born, move around, communicate and receive information and, eventually, die. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Mobile Agents: Are They a Good Idea? David Chess, Colin Harrison, Aaron Kershenbaum Mobile agents are programs, typically written in a script language, which may be dispatched from a client computer and transported to a remote server computer for execution. Several authors have suggested that mobile agents offer an important new method of performing transactions and information retrieval in networks. Other writers have pointed out, however, that mobile agents introduce severe concerns for security. We consider the advantages offered by mobile agents and assess them against alternate methods of achieving the same function. We conclude that, while the individual advantages of agents do not represent an overwhelming motivation for their adoption, the creation of a pervasive agent framework facilitates a very large number of network services and applications. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A Note on Distributed Computing Jim Waldo, Geoff Wyant, Ann Wollrath, and Sam Kendall Much of the current work in distributed, object-oriented systems is based on the assumption that objects form a single ontological class. This class consists of all entities that can be fully described by the specification of the set of interfaces supported by the object and the semantics of the operations in those interfaces. The class includes objects that share a single address space, objects that are in separate address spaces on the same machine, and objects that are in separate address spaces on different machines (with, perhaps, different architectures). On the view that all objects are essentially the same kind of entity, these differences in relative location are merely an aspect of the implementation of the object. Indeed, the location of an object may change over time, as an object migrates from one machine to another or the implementation of the object changes. It is the thesis of this note that this unified view of objects is mistaken. There are fundamental differences between the interactions of distributed objects and the interactions of non-distributed objects. Further, work in distributed object-oriented systems that is based on a model that ignores or denies these differences is doomed to failure, and could easily lead to an industry-wide rejection of the notion of distributed object-based systems. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Instruction-Based Communications Christian Tschudin This papers explores a mode of communication that is based on instruction rather than interpretation. Starting from Shannon's (interpretative) communication model, I link instruction±based communications to mobile code (messengers), to ªsignsº as they are defined in semiotics, and to the virus theme commonly found in cell biology, computer science and literature. Virus±codes are conjectured to be more powerful that the equivalence codes studied by Shannon. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Analyzing Mobile Code Languages Gianpaolo Cugola, Carlo Ghezzi, Gian Pietro Picco, Giovanni Vigna The growing importance of telecommunication networks has stimulated research on a new generation of programming languages. S

It's not often you can make taxes fun! I bought the first installment, Ryan Gets An Allowance, for my nieces. It was a great success, so I decided to check out the second book, and was just as impressed. I am recently out of college and new to the job world myself, so I found the book useful as well as my teenage niece. I would certainly recommend this book!

My family and I thoroughly enjoyed Ms. Durham's first book, "Mom, Can You Buy Me This? Ryan Gets an Allowance", and found "Richard Gets a Job" to be just as entertaining, beneficial, and informanative. After receiving tens of credit cards offers in my first year of college and going quickly in debt, I vowed that I would never let my children go down the same route. It's an absolute shame that our school systems do not offer overall finance education to children at an early age (before they get their first checkbook and credit card). Ms. Durham has succeeded in finding a way to make finance fun for young kids -- her series is a benefit to society and should be a mandate for our educational system. In "Richard Gets a Job", Richard is stuck at a bus stop, frustrated where all his deductions have gone from his paycheck -- this is not unusual for most of America. Not only did I actually learn a few tricks myself from this book, but I think it is an absolute need for us to teach our children the ins-and-outs of our tax system before they start working. We teach them to drive before they get on the road, we give them degrees before they enter the workforce, so why don't we teach them about taxes before they have to deal with them? Well, thanks to Ms. Durham...now we can.

Who would of thought the story about bank notes would be so interesting. I very shrouded industry with unique business practices. Recommended for anyone interesting in finance, economics, money or banking.

At first glance you would be forgiven for thinking that a book about banknotes will be a dry read. Well, think again. Klaus Bender has achieved the impossible - this book grips like a thriller from page one. The author, clearly an expert in his subject and an accomplished writer, manages to reveal hidden aspects of this arcane art on almost every page.

I was astonished at some of the revelations and am amazed that more are not in the public domain. The history of the banknote is fascinating but even more interesting is the development of the printing processes and the international political intrigue which underpins the industry. For anyone interested in researching this subject, who needs a reference book which is bang up to date, or simply wants to deepen their understanding of this mysterious industry The Moneymakers is a must-read.

Dolly Dingle is an adorable little girl. I love cuting out the costumes and dolls and playing with them. There are 14 different themes in this book that will allow you to use your imagination in many ways. I especially like Dolly's pet kitties and dogs. And Dolly Dingle even has her own paper dolls with their own clothing! I can't believe how inexpensive this book is and I can't wait to buy more Dolly Dingle books.

This is an adorable facsimilie book of paper dolls from the early 1900's printed on heavy card stock. These rosy-cheeked, cherubic dolls are similar in appearance to the Campbell Soup Kids, having the same artist. There are over 30 dolls with an abundance of clothing and costumes. The dress and costume designs are seperated into themes such as Dolly Dingle's Patriot Party, Fancy Dress, Flower Girl at Aunty's Wedding, Christmas Party During War-Time, A Thanksgiving Dinner, Washington's Birthday Party, etc. This book not only teaches something of our country's history but it also exercises fine motor skills in cutting and dressing. Best of all, though, it's just plain old-fashioned fun!

I won't waste a lot of time but I will say that you shouldn't live life without reading this book. Buy it - You'll be glad you did!!!

This parody will keep you laughing cover to cover. It contains not only life's little destructions, but life's little white lies and excuses, life's little self destructions. I brought this book to a party and everyone wanted to see it. It was a hit! After reading this book, you might get a few ideas of your own