Lindenmayer Systems Books

The beauty of plants has attracted the interest of mathematicians for centuries. Plants have many conspicuous geometric features such as symmetry in their leaves, rotational symmetry in their flowers, and then there are the interesting helical arrangements of pine cone scales. This book examines two factors that organize plant structures and therefore contribute to their beauty. The first is the simple elegance of the rules which describe plant development in relation to time. The second is self-similarity as characterized by Mandelbrot.

This book applies the basic idea inherent in recursive graphics programming to modeling natural organic phenomena to the greatest degree of accuracy possible. This book uses L-systems, which is a method of specifying rules that enables very complex ideas to be expressed in a very exact way. The book contains no information on specific programming language implementation. However, the L-system specification is given in enough detail that an implementation of a basic L-system compiler should be attainable by most programmers with a talent for efficient algorithms implementation and sufficient motivation. All of the graphics are done using either two or three dimensional turtle commands, which are also easily adapted to fit into whatever compiler you choose. Efficient display routines will require some work, and as most of the algorithms described produce very large amounts of data, speed is very important for all shapes apart from the most basic structures.

The results of using an L-system is quite impressive. The book contains many photographs of computer generated trees using L-systems that are almost identical to their natural counterparts. The book is very well written, with lots of examples and many illustrations. It starts off as quite easy reading, but by the time it reaches sections on the simulation of internal balancing of cellular structures, the math gets very complex. Although you need an interest in artificial life, graphics, and fractals to find this book interesting or even just comprehensible, you probably also need some skill in the analysis and design of algorithms to make any of the ideas contained in the book a reality. The table of contents is:

1. Graphical Modeling Using L-systems 1
2. Modeling of Trees 51
3. Developmental models of Herbaceous Plants 63
4. Phyllotaxis 99
5. Models of Plant Organs 119
6. Animation of Plant Development 133
7. Modeling of Cellular Layers 145
8. Fractal Properties of Plants 175

A. Software Environment for Plant Modeling 193
B. About the Figures 201
C. Turtle Interpretation of Figures 211

The color plates are quite extraordinary. Knowledge of math helps, but the book pretty much starts at Ground Zero. It is quite useable for those wishing to implement the plant modeling systems described (which is why I purchased it).

Well this gem of a book is hidden away in the biology section of my local library. Not the easiest of places for somebody interested in computer graphics to find.

This book is a great place to start if your looking for an introduction to 2D and 3D plant/organism structural modelling using computer graphics, such as modelling plant and leaf structures as well as bacteria and the like. It discusses the various types of Lindenmayer Systems and has some program code in the appendix, though the code is of poor quality.

Most of the information contained in this book is also available in "The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants (The Virtual Laboratory) by Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz, Aristid Lindenmayer". Which covers much more, such as plant organs, such as fruit and flowers.