Directories Books

Of all the reference books for writers, I find the Dramatists Sourcebook to be the most complete. It doesn't have EVERYTHING, but it can tell you where to FIND everything.

Sources for production, contests, funding are updated each year (a couple of quibbles...I found one deadline date that was off last year), as well as useful service organizations for playwrights, and for those who haven't realized that a play is not a screnplay, always a lesson on formatting.

The Theater Communications Group puts out a lot of useful publications, but this one is at the top of my list.

Of all the reference books for writers, I find the Dramatists Sourcebook to be the most complete. It doesn't have EVERYTHING, but it can tell you where to FIND everything.

Sources for production, contests, funding are updated each year (a couple of quibbles...I found one deadline date that was off last year), as well as useful service organizations for playwrights, and for those who haven't realized that a play is not a screnplay, always a lesson on formatting.

The Theater Communications Group puts out a lot of useful publications, but this one is at the top of my list.

The title of this book is completely appropriate, though Dramtists Bible would also work. Every contest, every writers colony, every major theater company in America is to be found within these pages. It is perfectly mapped out and the details are wonderfully woven. I recommend this to the beginner playwright as well as the Tony winner. Bravo.

The Dramatists' Sourcebook is truly an invaluable resourse for anyone who writes for theatre. Hundreds and hundreds of entries for production, development, awards, and much more make this one of the most important books in my library. I highly recommend it for all playwrights, lyricists, and librettists.

This book is simply a must-have for anyone seeking the life of the working playwright. It's succinct, informative, and offers a wealth of information on grants, theatres, contests, and other opportunities.

My one minor complaint would be that the Sourcebook lacks almost any real information on proper play submission formatting (despite the fact that the book touts this assistance heavily on its covers).

As most theatres routinely point writers in the direction of the Sourcebook to answer such questions, it's a disappointment to find that the Sourcebook's _entire_ section on formatting consists of: one line of sample dialogue, followed by a somewhat confusing short paragraph which verbally describes formatting in vague terms as being essentially the same as those for screenplays -- and that's it. As I've been misled before on preferred formats for play (versus screenplay) submissions, a single sample page would have been an invaluable help.

But that's just one small complaint. And as a reference and information source, the Sourcebook is still a must-buy.

After hearing that The Encyclopedia of Alzheimer's Disease was honored as one of the top 25 reference books for 2002 by the New York Public Library Association, I immediately went out and bought this book. Now, when I talk to my mother's doctor, I quickly look up the unfamiliar terms and understand everything that he is saving. My husband's father also has Alzheimer's Disease and lives in another state which was making things difficult in finding the proper care for him. The Nursing Home Directory in the book helped us locate a good home for him who works closely with us even from a distance. Having 2 family members with Alzheimers is difficult to say the least, buying this book made it so much easier for us to understand what is going on and what we can expect in the future.
I was fortunate in meeting the authors at the Library's award ceremony. The authors' backgrounds in pharmacology, immunology and public housing provided them the necessary background to thoroughly investigate all of the aspects of Alzheimer's Disease and its care. I would highly recommend this book to anyone interested in learning more about Alzheimer's disease. It's also a must for anyone who needs to arrange for the care of a loved one afflicted with Alzheimer's Disease or a related disorder.

After hearing that The Encyclopedia of Alzheimer's Disease was honored as one of the top 25 reference books for 2002 by the New York Public Library Association, I immediately went out and bought this book. Now, when I talk to my mother's doctor, I quickly look up the unfamiliar terms and understand everything that he is saving. My husband's father also has Alzheimer's Disease and lives in another state which was making things difficult in finding the proper care for him. The Nursing Home Directory in the book helped us locate a good home for him who works closely with us even from a distance. Having 2 family members with Alzheimers is difficult to say the least, buying this book made it so much easier for us to understand what is going on and what we can expect in the future.
I was fortunate in meeting the authors at the Library's award ceremony. The authors' backgrounds in pharmacology, immunology and public housing provided them the necessary background to thoroughly investigate all of the aspects of Alzheimer's Disease and its care. I would highly recommend this book to anyone interested in learning more about Alzheimer's disease. It's also a must for anyone who needs to arrange for the care of a loved one afflicted with Alzheimer's Disease or a related disorder.

After hearing that The Encyclopedia of Alzheimer's Disease was honored as one of the top 25 reference books for 2002 by the New York Public Library Association, I immediately went out and bought this book. Now, when I talk to my mother's doctor, I quickly look up the unfamiliar terms and understand everything that he is saving. My husband's father also has Alzheimer's Disease and lives in another state which was making things difficult in finding the proper care for him. The Nursing Home Directory in the book helped us locate a good home for him who works closely with us even from a distance. Having 2 family members with Alzheimers is difficult to say the least, buying this book made it so much easier for us to understand what is going on and what we can expect in the future.
I was fortunate in meeting the authors at the Library's award ceremony. The authors' backgrounds in pharmacology, immunology and public housing provided them the necessary background to thoroughly investigate all of the aspects of Alzheimer's Disease and its care. I would highly recommend this book to anyone interested in learning more about Alzheimer's disease. It's also a must for anyone who needs to arrange for the care of a loved one afflicted with Alzheimer's Disease or a related disorder.

After hearing that The Encyclopedia of Alzheimer's Disease was honored as one of the top 25 reference books for 2002 by the New York Public Library Association, I immediately went out and bought this book. Now, when I talk to my mother's doctor, I quickly look up the unfamiliar terms and understand everything that he is saving. My husband's father also has Alzheimer's Disease and lives in another state which was making things difficult in finding the proper care for him. The Nursing Home Directory in the book helped us locate a good home for him who works closely with us even from a distance. Having 2 family members with Alzheimers is difficult to say the least, buying this book made it so much easier for us to understand what is going on and what we can expect in the future.
I was fortunate in meeting the authors at the Library's award ceremony. The authors' backgrounds in pharmacology, immunology and public housing provided them the necessary background to thoroughly investigate all of the aspects of Alzheimer's Disease and its care. I would highly recommend this book to anyone interested in learning more about Alzheimer's disease. It's also a must for anyone who needs to arrange for the care of a loved one afflicted with Alzheimer's Disease or a related disorder.

This comprehensive tome touches on risk factors, brain chemistry, current research, therapies, diagnostic tests, disease course, alternative medical options, genetic concerns, biochemical changes, disease stages, support groups, nutrition, insurance concerns, caregiver issues, housing options, daycare, innovative and traditional nursing homes and both quality and end of life issues. The encyclopedia is followed by a comprehensive list of research facilities, resources and nursing homes that specialize in the treatment of AD patients. A much-needed reference for anyone involved with AD.

This book has helped my research about religions tremendously ! I have to recommend this book to any one seeking a Greater knowledge!

I found this to be eye opening. I have had a hard time finding a book that could teach me about the different religions/denominations. This one was very comprehensive. I highly recommend it.

While I don't own it (yet) I've been impressed with it since first learning of it. While this is not a work on which most households would spend hundreds of dollars, there really is no substitute for Melton's masterpiece. Even defunct and/or oddball sects are included, such as Kennedy worshippers, the House of David, and schismatic versions of many faiths. The organization of this work is by theological classification (Holiness movement or Black Muslim for two examples), but the index is comprehensive.

In this mammoth work (which is regularly updated), Melton has provided clear and unbiased descriptions of virtually every religious body of any size operating in the United States today.

Every religious body is identified by the "family" into which it fits (or from which it came) eg. Western Liturgical Family, Eastern Liturgical Family, etc., and described in terms of date of founding, major beliefs, size, number of congregations, organizational structure, and, in many cases, contact information.

This book is a must in every university or seminary library -- regardless of religion or denomination. The serious scholar will also wish to have a copy.

J. Gordon Melton's "Encyclopedia of American Religions" is a reference work to which I turn, year after year, in my work as both a scholar and journalist. And I eagerly look forward to each new edition (I viewed the 6th edition as I prepared this review).

This mammoth work contains both a series of essays on major religious traditions and a series of profiles of individual denominations, fellowships, and missions. The profiles on individual religious bodies number well over 2,300 in the 6th edition. Mailing addresses and bibliographic references (when available) for each individual body further add to the book's usefulness.

Melton covers everything from the largest mainstream denominations to the smallest and most esoteric bodies. His broad editorial vision takes in nearly every conceivable religious tradition: Christianity in all its permutations (Anglican, Lutheran, Pentecostal, etc.), Judaism, Hinduism and other Eastern traditions, Neo-Pagan groups, "flying saucer"-related fellowships, Atheist and Humanist associations, and more. Each entry is written in an objective manner.

The latest edition of this book should be in every library in Canada and the United States. Furthermore, serious journalists and scholars of religion will find this to be a useful and fascinating edition to their own private libraries.

I am a professional vocal coach and singer for the entertainment industry. This resource manual has proven to be the best of all the ones I've seen on the market. It cannot be compared to any others. First of all, the price is unbelievable for what you are getting. Most industry resource manuals only cover one or two areas of the industry. EPP3 covers FILM, SPORTS, MUSIC AND TELEVISION! Everyone else is charging three to four times more than the price of EPP and definitely not providing as much information. On a scale of 1 through 5, I give EPP-3 a "5". Don't sleep on this opportunity! Get your copy today! You will be extremely glad you did!

This is a much needed resource that opens the door of the seemingly insular entertainment and sports industry to anyone with the interest or inclination. The comprehensive nature of the information provided in this book is incredible. Contact information, internship opportunities, industry events and more. Absolutely phenomenal!

This guide doesn't just give you contact information. It also has interviews with the power players themselves that could stand on their own as an excellent tool. If you buy it, don't set it aside for when you need a phone number; read it cover-to-cover first.

This book is necessary for anybody who seriously wants to break into the entertainment industry. It well done and packed full of great info!!!

WOW! As a writer/producer, I wish I had this book when I first moved to LA six years ago. What a difference it could have made, but thank God I have it now! It is a wonderful resource guide and an absolute must have for anyone who is an aspiring actor, writer, producer, director, executie, music artist, pro athlete, etc!

I am definitley a novice and your book is totally awesome!!!! Thank you

This is a great way to get into using the Net. I passed it along to the Librarian and Teachers at my kids' school. They said it was a fabulous resource for developing net-based curricula. Sites are grouped by subject in easy-to-use articles and the articles are grouped by general category. Pick a topic, hit the index and GO! You'll have a great trip.

Kitty Williams and Robin Lind have put together an excellent resource for net novice and expert alike. "Essential Net Novice Websites" includes nearly twenty catagories for websites to explore along with thoughtful backround material and explanations.

The book covers a wide range of topics and interests. There is something that will appeal to everyone. The business and government sites listed can get you to just about any professional site you can imagine. The information is summerized for the reader and is extremely helpful. Throughout the book the reader is consistently equipped with the means to further explore any topic as far as the imagination can take them. And there are also lots of places to go just for fun and entertainment.

My favorite aspect of this book is that it is a one volume reference that led me to all sorts of web pages that I would never have found on my own. My personal favorites border on the zany (Clifford Pickover's Web Page, America Unhenged) but there are certainly many practical websites covered as well (online shopping and travel arrangementa, etc.) At the very least, each article give the reader a springboard to endless net exploration. And don't forget to download the electronic companion which comes as a freebie with the book. It gives you the hyperlinks to every website mentioned.

Williams and Lind have done it all for you. Check out a copy of "Essential Net Novice Websites" and start you own personal exploration of the World Wide Web.

I handed this book to a colleague who had always actively maintained the internet was irrelevant to him. He reads voraciously, but wouldn't go on line. As he leafed through this book, he began to look like a kid in a candy shop! He wouldn't give me the book back. Give this book to your friends - whether or not they are on the net. It captures a sense (like no other book I've seen) of the ever expanding wealth of information and resources that surrounds us! Great Job!!

I'd been crashing around on the Internet and largely finding good sites by accident. Reading Essential Net Novice Websites was a real eye-opener. It was as if I'd been lost and authors Kitty Williams and Robin Lind had handed me a map. Suddenly the Internet had a shape and a form. And because of the authors' eclectic taste, I not only had the big picture but I could sample the many zany sites they had alerted me to. Internet tourists would do well to use this book as their travel guide.

When the news got out here in Australia that Fierce.com had finally landed in the "real" world, I raced out and bought a copy of "The Exclusive Book for Web Elitists" faster than you can say "Happy Hour at Sizzlers". Being a Fierce fan for longer than I care to remember, these guys have made me laugh over and over. And continue to do so now offline as well as on.

Tor and David are two of the craziest, abrasive, outspoken and out-of-control guys (with no particular quality attributed exclusively to either one) it's ever been my pleasure to come in contact with. And Matt is just plain unhinged. But all are hilariously funny and do the best "baffling with bulls**t" routine I've ever come across.

Just buy the book - it'll make you laugh, it'll probably make you cry and it will certainly make you look at the Web as it should be viewed - with one eye on the screen and the other on just how crazy and unreal (in the true sense of the word) this virtual reality world called the "WWW" really is. In other words - cross-eyed. (Well, it's worked for them!)

An excellent resource for "The best of the best", websites on the Internet. I will be visiting all of these websites and utilizing this book for quite some time to come. It was this book that brought me to Badpuppy.com, which I find to be the biggest best Gay & Lesbian Portal on the Internet. At the very least I now have a home on Badpuppy where I'm with many others who go through the trials and tribulations and the lifestyle questions the Gay & Lesbian community have come to expect.

Thank you Fierce.com for bringing all of these fine sites to the surface. I will be purchasing your book for years to come.

The Fierce-sters have been there, done that, and are eminently qualified to direct us to the ultimate best of the Web. Follow their advice without hesitation. You'll waste less time and find more quality in your Internet surfing. Not to mention enjoying their fascinating reviews.

These guys are incredible. They write about websites, but you hardly have to go on the web to enjoy this thing. It's really about the twisted lives and relationships the author's lead. That's what makes it funny.

I actually got the book as a gift from my mother because she knows I use the internet. She saw the book in the store and decided to buy it for me. I was nonplussed at first when I saw it. I mean, after all, who wants a book about the web for a present. I put it in my bathroom and took a gander one fine day and I could not stop laughing. These guys are so funny. And there're these fake parody type articles in each chapter of the book that are really bizaare and didn't really know what to make of but they're pretty damn funny, too. Anyway, it might be a shameful thing to say, but I know about a lot more sites now so, really, they make surfing fun. Thanks, Fierce.

This is BY FAR the best, most concise, easy to understand, easy to follow, fun book on the subject of animation screenwriting. It covers 22, 11, and 7 minute formats and I highly recommend it.

This is a great book for anyone that wants to learn the structure of writing for animated shows. It reveals the formula for creating successful stories, characters, and scripts.

The only drawback was the overuse of the road sign analogies. Don't get me wrong, they work fine to illustrate the points, but I just felt there were too many of them.

In any case, an excellent book if you're starting out your career in animation...like me:)!

Is a shame that a great book like this only have one review until now ( and a wrong one ) hence I'll try to correct this.

NOTE: Be aware that this review is for the GARDNER'S GUIDE TO ANIMATION SCRIPTWRITING ( this review is wrongly appearing TOO in the "Gardner's guide to Multimedia & animation Studios", some kind of problem in Amazon.com I Think, :-( SORRY Chaz )

I bought this book in August 2001, if you are looking for books about scripts there are many ones, some very good, but any is writed exclusively thinking in animation and cartoons. For the animator this is an invaluable reference, here is the summary:

1.- Animation - An Overview
2.- Cartoon Genres
3.- The Moral
4.- Central Idea
5.- Dead End Ahead - The Central question
6.- The Characters and the Character Arc
7.- Introduction to Plot
8.- The Twenty-Two minute Structure
9.- The Eleven Minute Structure
10.- The Seven Minute Structure
11.- Make 'Em Laugh - Levels of Humor
12.- Prose
13.- Dialogue
14.- The Scene
15.- Broadcast Guidelines
16.- The Rewrite
17.- The Writing Process of Animation
Glossary, Cartoonography, Filmography, Road Map Forms, Apendix

The book itself have a good easyreading design, with plenty of quotations and references to well known movies or series, here you have the basics of writing but you can find more profound books about this, the special of the book is that is writed for cartoons specially, have 3 chapters studying the structures of the cartoonscript of 7, 11 and 22 minutes, of course you can apply all the information for an animation of any length, movies or shorts.

Including checklists for Structure, Characters, Scenes, Dialogue, Humor, Prose, 3 Structure guides, 75 Excercises, 37 Rules and an Animated 7 minutes Teleplay in the appendix: You have here a book that will go to occupy an important place near you.

I'm not an acclaimed screenwriter in fact I'm a novice in this area but I'm working with a firm producing some animations and I can asure you that this book can prevent you some rocky mistakes in this special field and even If you are a Pro you'll find some good points here.

I knew that scriptwriting was formulaic, with lots of rules about what should happen at what page and all of the structural details. But this book plots out exactly what a cartoon should do! From the general outline to the set-in-stone types of humor. Who knew that anyone had codified all this stuff! It's all here, from the Flintstones to South Park. This is how it's done.
Far from being confining, I'm finding that reading and re-reading this tome (easy to read tome!) is inspiring beyond belilef. I'm cranking up my DVD player and finding that every detail of every chapter is true down to the last nut and bolt. Professionals have been following these guidelines for decades!
This book must be the textbook for lots of classes about this subject somewhere.
I'm a 3d animator, and it's my goal to make animated shorts a lot more "arty" than Pepper Ann and Rugrats. But this book is such an eye-opener! I've never realized that even the cartoons that I've loved for years - Simpsons, South Park, Ren & Stimpy - all of them! They all follow the same rules.
One funny thing about this book: For a writing manual, it has a phenomenal number of typos. What a hoot. The book is incredibly easy to find your way around. The author is simply a master at her craft, and the insights are invaluable for anyone not employed in Callifornia. Yet you can find 1 or 2 typos or grammatical errors per page. I guess they skimped on the editing.
If you're concerned about developing content for your own animations, or aiming at a job scripting for cartoons, or just want to round out your knowledge about scriptwriting in general, this is an awesome book.

Gardner's Guide To Multimedia & Animation Studies is the complete, definitive, "user friendly", industry directory for anyone seeking jobs, connections, and services information and contacts. In addition to indices listed by state or province, and company name, Gardner's Guide To Multimedia & Animation Studies is carefully organized in four parts: East Coast, Central; West Coast; Canada. Within each regional section the companies are alphabetically listed and include the number of employees, areas of specialization; a brief description, address, phone, fax, and website address. Gardner's Guide To Multimedia & Animation Studies is a very practical and highly recommended addition to industry professional and library reference collections.

For those of you scratching your heads in despair as you contemplate the cost of your young'uns' college, Nancy Nitary has one solution you will certainly want to consider.

According to this book, two-thirds of all colleges in the United States offer some type of athletic scholarship program. According to this book, there are 3200 men and women varsity basketball programs, over 1,100 soccers programs and 1400 collegiate baseball and softball programs. The book is also broken down into types of sports, colleges and opportunities, depending on your child's goals. Does he want to play and doesn't care in which division (there are four)? The book covers that. Does he want to be in the Big Leagues? Nancy tells you how.

It was interesting to see a sample of the resume a student athlete should put together. It reveals coach contact information, the child's birthdate and more. While these details aren't typically suitable for the job market, they're one way a college scholarship and admissions committee can determine the student's status.

Personally, I'm thrilled to have such a well-written reference guide in the event one of my kids gets the wild idea of wanting to attend college in the States! Play ball! would take on a very different meaning, indeed. Thanks to Nancy, I have little to fear.

Christine Louise Hohlbaum, author of Diary of a Mother: Parenting Stories and Other Stuffand Sahm I Am: Tales of a Stay-at-Home Mom in Europe lives near Munich with her husband and athletic kids.

I have finished it cover to cover several times and have enjoyed the detailed information that is suitable for every athlete. I am in my 11th year of coaching high school and club water polo and will no doubt recommend this book to every one of my athletes. I had yet to find a book or resource outlet that I could recommend to all my players to help guide them on their college path; now I have one. From academics wise, to contacting a collegiate coach to what you should be doing each year you are in high school to prepare for college this book has it all! Each chapter is very informative and is a wealth of information for both players and parents. No high school student athlete should be without this book.

With the cost of a college education today, my wife and I felt like we'd have to mortgage our future to help put our kids through school. We've got three...two boys and a girl. All are student athletes: soccer, baseball and track. This book really was a God-send. It put things into instant perspective for us and gave us a definite plan of action. Before we were just guessing. We heard some things from other people and thought we knew some things ourselves. Boy, were we wrong. Ms. Nitardy is a real pro who knows all the ins and outs of wooing college coaches and maximizing any money you can get for your kid's education. It's not just what you say; it's how you say it. The book is easy to read and understand and truly covers all the bases. Everytime we had a question, the book seemed to answer it. We loved it and would highly recommend it to anyone who has student athletes who are seniors, juniors, even sophomores. Get paid to play? Why not our kids? It may be the only way they can get a college education and we can retire some day!

Get Paid to Play: Every Student Athlete's Guide to Over $1 Million in College ScholarshipsThis may be the best book we have in our home and the most important. Nancy Nitardy really opened our eyes with this book. Our son is a student athlete that was undecided about playing football in college because we and he did not know how to achieve that goal. After reading this book he has become more confident in his decision to play. Nancy dispels the mystery surrounding the recruiting process through step-by-step directions, explanations and examples that are clear and easy understand. Although he is starting a little late in the process, this book has renewed our son's hope. I recommend this book to anyone whose child is interested in post-high school participation in any activity that requires prior approval (athletics, the band, drill team, cheerleading, etc.). Both the child and the parents must read this book!

Nancy Nitardy has poured her extensive knowledge as a collegiate athlete, coach and recruiter into this wonderful book. I have had the opportunity to attend a couple of her seminars. This book follows her presentations and organizes the information into an easy guide to help you through the whole college recruitment process and beyond.

This book is a must-read for any athlete with the goal of playing sports in college, as well as their parents. Nancy points out the vast amount of opportunites available for athletes and how to go about living their dream.

Nancy Garrison Jenn has taken upon herself the challenge of boiling down a highly fragmented industry into a meaningful knowledge base that can be used by corporate executives and individuals to network to solve both business and career needs. Her summary chapters on how to select a recruiter and advice to both corporations and individuals provides a quick study on critical issues affecting all parties concerned. While some in the industry may quibble with her selection of individuals, without question she has identified the "Who's Who" of the search industry, reflecting a credible balance between US-based and global search professionals. Without question it is the only work of its kind.

In writing The Global 200, Nancy Garrison Jean has combined her enthusiasm for the international executive search industry with rigorous analysis to create a must read for clients, candidates, and search professionals. Bravo, Nancy!

The Global 200 is quite simply the most authoritative work on the global search business. A 'must' for every CEO

Nancy Garrison Jenn has pulled off another first in the retainer executive search field - a comprehensive list of 200 executive search consultants who work in a global environment. This is an excellent cross section of the experienced people in our profession. "The Global 200 Executive Recruiters" should be in every person's library.

The Global 200 Executive Recruiters is another proof of Nancy Garrison Jenn's in-depth knowledge of the world's executive recruitment market. Though interesting for recruiting companies to learn about their sector and their competitive position, the book is particularly of help to their clients and potential clients in assessing executive search firms and the recruiters with those firms. The Global 200 provides very useful and detailed information regarding recruiters and their expertise, both in terms of business sector specialization, as well as local, regional or global orientation. It is an excellent guide for both smaller companies and larger corporations on their path to find the executive talent they need to build a sustainable competitive edge.

I am writing a mainstream novel and a young adult historical fiction novel and I'd like get published as soon as I polish them up. I think this book will be a lot of help.

I did a TON of research on my own to attempt to find an agent. I picked up this book, hoping to add to my knowledge and list of available agents. I discovered I had wasted some of my precious writing time. Some of the agents I wrote are not accepting queries in 2001. This book would have saved me time, money and efforts had I bought it first.

This book offers supreme quality listings and a complete guide to every single agent in the U.S whether fee charging or not. It's a MUST HAVE to any develpoing writer.

It may seem strange to say that you love a big listing literary agents but I do. I've been writing my whole life. Just recently I decided to look into getting an agent for a book I wrote. I bought this book, sent out six queries, and already have an agent requesting to read my book. This book is indispensable. Read it if you are even thinking about looking for an agent.

I am planning way ahead. So far I only won a few poetry contests. However I have half of several novels, pieces of screenplays, and other odds and ends. If I ever do something real I want to have an agent (even if I do not need one.) This is part of the fun in writing.

This book is well organized with the types of agents and what they require. You can read the front cover and see that there are new listings and even e-mail addresses.

Contents at a glance:

Articles About Working with Literary Agents

Before You Start

Narrowing Your List

Contacting Agents

Before You Sigh

Literary Agents Listings

Articles About Working with Script Agents

Script Agents Listings

Writer's Conferences

Resources

Agents Index

Listings Index

Under the front cover is a Key to Symbols and Abbreviations used in the book.